Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T15:17:01.872Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of twins and precipitates at twin boundaries on Hall–Petch relation in high nitrogen stainless steel

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2018

Shuai Ren Open the ORCID record for Shuai Ren [Opens in a new window] ,
Zhiyan Sun ,
Zizhen Xu ,
Ruishan Xin ,
Jitan Yao ,
Da Lv  and
Jinbao Chang
Shuai Ren*
Affiliation:
HBIS GROUP Technology Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, People’s Republic of China
Zhiyan Sun
Affiliation:
HBIS GROUP Technology Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, People’s Republic of China
Zizhen Xu
Affiliation:
HBIS GROUP Technology Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, People’s Republic of China
Ruishan Xin
Affiliation:
HBIS GROUP Technology Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, People’s Republic of China
Jitan Yao
Affiliation:
HBIS GROUP Technology Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, People’s Republic of China
Da Lv
Affiliation:
HBIS GROUP Technology Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, People’s Republic of China
Jinbao Chang
Affiliation:
HBIS GROUP Technology Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, People’s Republic of China
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The microstructure evolution of high nitrogen austenitic steel wires under various annealing times and drawing temperatures was carefully characterized. Special attention was paid to the widely distributed twins and the nanoprecipitates at twin boundaries (TBs) in high nitrogen stainless steels (HNSSs). The results of microhardness indicated that the traditional Hall–Petch (H–P) equation, which only took the role of grain boundaries into account, was unsuitable. A new H–P equation that connected grain size, twin density, precipitates at TBs, and microhardness in HNSS was established for the first time and showed to be in good agreement with the experimental results. By analyzing the strained regions near TBs, a model describing the precipitation of nano-M23C6 carbides on coherent twin boundaries and incoherent twin boundaries was proposed. In addition, the influence mechanism of the nano-M23C6 at TBs on microhardness was discussed.

Keywords

grain boundariessteelhardness
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 33 , Issue 12 , 28 June 2018 , pp. 1764 - 1772
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Mudali, U.K. and Raj, B.: High Nitrogen Steels and Stainless Steels: Manufacturing, Properties and Applications (Alpha Science International, Pangbourne, England, 2004); p. 50.Google Scholar
Pujar, M., Mudali, U.K., and Singh, S.S.: Electrochemical noise studies of the effect of nitrogen on pitting corrosion resistance of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels. Corros. Sci. 53, 4178 (2011).Google Scholar
Shi, F., Tian, P., Jia, N., Ye, Z., Qi, Y., Liu, C., and Li, X.: Improving intergranular corrosion resistance in a nickel-free and manganese-bearing high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel through grain boundary character distribution optimization. Corros. Sci. 107, 49 (2016).Google Scholar
Wang, S., Yang, K., Shan, Y., and Li, L.: Study of cold deformation behaviors of a high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel and 316 L stainless steel. Acta Metall. Sin. 43, 171 (2007).Google Scholar
Gu, X., Michal, G.M., Ernst, F., Kahn, H., and Heuer, A.H.: Numerical simulations of carbon and nitrogen composition-depth profiles in nitrocarburized austenitic stainless steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 45, 4268 (2014).Google Scholar
Ha, H-Y., Lee, T-H., Oh, C-S., and Kim, S-J.: Effects of combined addition of carbon and nitrogen on pitting corrosion behavior of Fe–18Cr–10Mn alloys. Scr. Mater. 61, 121 (2009).Google Scholar
Shaw, L.L., Ortiz, A.L., and Villegas, J.C.: Hall–Petch relationship in a nanotwinned nickel alloy. Scr. Mater. 58, 951 (2008).Google Scholar
Lu, L., Shen, Y., Chen, X., Qian, L., and Lu, K.: Ultrahigh strength and high electrical conductivity in copper. Science 304, 422 (2004).Google Scholar
Sato, Y.S., Urata, M., Kokawa, H., and Ikeda, K.: Hall–Petch relationship in friction stir welds of equal channel angular-pressed aluminium alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 354, 298 (2003).Google Scholar
Armstrong, R., Codd, I., Douthwaite, R., and Petch, N.: The plastic deformation of polycrystalline aggregates. Philos. Mag. 7, 45 (1962).Google Scholar
Masumura, R., Hazzledine, P., and Pande, C.: Yield stress of fine grained materials. Acta Mater. 46, 4527 (1998).Google Scholar
Hu, J., Shi, Y., Sauvage, X., Sha, G., and Lu, K.: Grain boundary stability governs hardening and softening in extremely fine nanograined metals. Science 355, 1292 (2017).Google Scholar
Nam, W.J., Bae, C.M., and Lee, C.S.: Effect of carbon content on the Hall–Petch parameter in cold drawn pearlitic steel wires. J. Mater. Sci. 37, 2243 (2002).Google Scholar
Kemp, I.: Control of Mechanical Properties in High Strain Wire Drawing of Pearlitic Steel, in Materials Forum (Institute of Metals and Materials Australasia, Melbourne, Australia, 1990); p. 270.Google Scholar
Yanushkevich, Z., Dobatkin, S., Belyakov, A., and Kaibyshev, R.: Hall–Petch relationship for austenitic stainless steels processed by large strain warm rolling. Acta Mater. 136, 39 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odnobokova, M., Tikhonova, M., Belyakov, A., and Kaibyshev, R.: Development of Σ3n CSL boundaries in austenitic stainless steels subjected to large strain deformation and annealing. J. Mater. Sci. 52, 4210 (2017).Google Scholar
Du, D., Fu, R., Li, Y., Jing, L., Wang, J., Ren, Y., and Yang, K.: Modification of the Hall–Petch equation for friction-stir-processing microstructures of high-nitrogen steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 640, 190 (2015).Google Scholar
Hansen, N.: Hall–Petch relation and boundary strengthening. Scr. Mater. 51, 801 (2004).Google Scholar
Salem, A.A., Kalidindi, S.R., and Doherty, R.D.: Strain hardening regimes and microstructure evolution during large strain compression of high purity titanium. Scr. Mater. 46, 419 (2002).Google Scholar
Rohatgi, A., Vecchio, K.S., and Gray, G.T.: The influence of stacking fault energy on the mechanical behavior of Cu and Cu–Al alloys: Deformation twinning, work hardening, and dynamic recovery. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 32, 135 (2001).Google Scholar
Shen, Y.F., Lu, L., Lu, Q.H., Jin, Z.H., and Lu, K.: Tensile properties of copper with nano-scale twins. Scr. Mater. 52, 989 (2005).Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Misra, A., Wang, H., Nastasi, M., Embury, J.D., Mitchell, T.E., Hoagland, R.G., and Hirth, J.P.: Nanoscale-twinning-induced strengthening in austenitic stainless steel thin films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1096 (2004).Google Scholar
Pande, C., Rath, B., and Imam, M.: Effect of annealing twins on Hall–Petch relation in polycrystalline materials. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 367, 171 (2004).Google Scholar
Hong, C.M., Shi, J., Sheng, L.Y., Cao, W.C., Hui, W.J., and Dong, H.: Effects of hot-working parameters on microstructural evolution of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel. Mater. Des. 32, 3711 (2011).Google Scholar
Humphreys, F.J.: Quantitative metallography by electron backscattered diffraction. J. Microsc. 195, 170 (1999).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schino, A.D. and Kenny, J.M.: Grain refinement strengthening of a micro-crystalline high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel. Mater. Lett. 57, 1830 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malyar, N.V., Micha, J.S., Dehm, G., and Kirchlechner, C.: Dislocation-twin boundary interaction in small scale Cu bi-crystals loaded in different crystallographic directions. Acta Mater. 129, 91 (2017).Google Scholar
Li, X., Wei, Y., Lu, L., Lu, K., and Gao, H.: Dislocation nucleation governed softening and maximum strength in nano-twinned metals. Nature 464, 877 (2010).Google Scholar
Kacher, J., Eftink, B.P., Cui, B., and Robertson, I.M.: Dislocation interactions with grain boundaries. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 18, 227 (2014).Google Scholar
Lu, K., Lu, L., and Suresh, S.: Strengthening materials by engineering coherent internal boundaries at the nanoscale. Science 324, 349 (2009).Google Scholar
Malyar, N.V., Micha, J.S., Dehm, G., and Kirchlechner, C.: Size effect in bi-crystalline micropillars with a penetrable high angle grain boundary. Acta Mater. 129, 312 (2017).Google Scholar
Gavriljuk, V., Petrov, Y., and Shanina, B.: Effect of nitrogen on the electron structure and stacking fault energy in austenitic steels. Scripta Mater. 55, 537 (2006).Google Scholar
Yonezawa, T., Suzuki, K., Ooki, S., and Hashimoto, A.: The effect of chemical composition and heat treatment conditions on stacking fault energy for Fe–Cr–Ni austenitic stainless steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 44, 5884 (2013).Google Scholar
Polcarová, M., Gemperlová, J., Jacques, A., Brádler, J., and George, A.: Synchrotron radiation topographic study of slip transfer across grain boundaries in Fe–Si bicrystals. Opt. Eng. 39, 4440 (2006).Google Scholar
Imrich, P.J., Kirchlechner, C., and Dehm, G.: Influence of inclined twin boundaries on the deformation behavior of Cu micropillars. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 642, 65 (2015).Google Scholar
Jin, Z.H., Gumbsch, P., Albe, K., Ma, E., Lu, K., Gleiter, H., and Hahn, H.: Interactions between non-screw lattice dislocations and coherent twin boundaries in face-centered cubic metals. Acta Mater. 56, 1126 (2008).Google Scholar
Randle, V.: Mechanism of twinning-induced grain boundary engineering in low stacking-fault energy materials. Acta Mater. 47, 4187 (1999).Google Scholar
Watanabe, T.: The importance of grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) to recrystallization, grain growth and texture. Scripta Metall. Mater. 27, 1497 (1992).Google Scholar
Imrich, P.J., Kirchlechner, C., Motz, C., and Dehm, G.: Differences in deformation behavior of bicrystalline Cu micropillars containing a twin boundary or a large-angle grain boundary. Acta Mater. 73, 240 (2014).Google Scholar
Weiss, B. and Stickler, R.: Phase instabilities during high temperature exposure of 316 austenitic stainless steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 3, 851 (1972).Google Scholar
Lewis, M.H. and Hattersley, B.: Precipitation of M23C6 in austenitic steels. Acta Metall. 13, 1159 (1965).Google Scholar
Kaneko, K., Fukunaga, T., Yamada, K., Nakada, N., Kikuchi, M., Saghi, Z., Barnard, J.S., and Midgley, P.A.: Formation of M23C6-type precipitates and chromium-depleted zones in austenite stainless steel. Scr. Mater. 65, 509 (2011).Google Scholar
Sasmal, B.: Formation of lamellar M23C6 on and near twin boundaries in austenitic stainless steels. Bull. Mater. Sci. 6, 617 (1984).Google Scholar
Mahajan, S., Pande, C., Imam, M., and Rath, B.: Formation of annealing twins in fcc crystals. Acta Mater. 45, 2633 (1997).Google Scholar
Trillo, E.A. and Murr, L.E.: A TEM investigation of M23C6 carbide precipitation behaviour on varying grain boundary misorientations in 304 stainless steels. J. Mater. Sci. 33, 1263 (1998).Google Scholar
Li, N., Wang, J., Misra, A., Zhang, X., Huang, J.Y., and Hirth, J.P.: Twinning dislocation multiplication at a coherent twin boundary. Acta Mater. 59, 5989 (2011).Google Scholar
Hull, D. and Bacon, D.J.: Introduction to Dislocations, 4th ed. (Butterworth-Heinemann Publications, Oxford, Great Britain, 2001); p. 157.Google Scholar