Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T10:00:10.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Corrosion products on biomedical magnesium alloy soaked in simulated body fluids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

Yunchang Xin ,
Kaifu Huo ,
Tao Hu ,
Guoyi Tang  and
Paul K Chu
Yunchang Xin
Affiliation:
Advanced Materials Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; and Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
Kaifu Huo
Affiliation:
Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Refractories and Ceramics, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
Tao Hu
Affiliation:
Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
Guoyi Tang*
Affiliation:
Advanced Materials Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
Paul K Chu*
Affiliation:
Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
*
a) e-mail: [email protected]
b) e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Magnesium alloys are potential materials in biodegradable hard tissue implants. Their degradation products in the physiological environment not only affect the degradation process but also influence the biological response of bone tissues. In the work reported here, the composition and structure of the corrosion product layer on AZ91 magnesium alloy soaked in a simulated physiological environment, namely simulated body fluids (SBFs), are systematically investigated using secondary electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and in situ monitoring of the corrosion morphology. Our results show that the corrosion product layer comprises mainly amorphous magnesium (calcium) phosphates, magnesium (calcium) carbonates, magnesium oxide/hydroxide, and aluminum oxide/hydroxide. The magnesium phosphates preferentially precipitate at obvious corrosion sites and are present uniformly in the corrosion product layer, whereas calcium phosphates nucleate at passive sites first and tend to accumulate at isolated and localized sites. According to the cross sectional views, the corrosion product layer possesses a uniform structure with thick regions several tens of micrometers as well as thin areas of several micrometers in some areas. Localized corrosion is the main reason for the nonuniform structure as indicated by the pan and cross-sectional views. The results provide valuable information on the cytotoxicity of magnesium alloys and a better understanding on the degradation mechanism of magnesium alloys in a physiological environment.

Keywords

BiomaterialCorrosion
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 24 , Issue 8 , August 2009 , pp. 2711 - 2719
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1McBride, E.D.: Absorbable metal in bone surgery. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 111, 2464 (1938).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Vormann, J.: Magnesium: Nutrition and metabolism. Mol. Aspects Med. 24, 27 (2003).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Witte, F., Kaese, V., Haferkamp, H., Switzer, E., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Wirth, C.J., and Windhagen, H.: In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response. Biomaterials 26, 3557 (2005).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Zreiqat, H., Howlett, C.R., Zannettino, A., Evans, P., Schulze-Tanzil, G., Knabe, C., and Shakibaei, M.: Mechanisms of magnesiumstimulated adhesion of osteoblastic cells to commonly used orthopaedic implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 62, 175 (2002).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Revell, P.A., Damien, E., Zhang, X.S., Evans, P., and Howlett, C.R.: The effect of magnesium ions on bone bonding to hydroxyapatite. Key Eng. Mater. 254, 447 (2004).Google Scholar
6Yamasaki, Y., Yoshida, Y., Okazaki, M., Shimazu, A., Kubo, T., Akagawa, Y., and Uchida, T.: Action of FG-MgCO3 Ap-collagen composite in promoting bone formation. Biomaterials 24, 4913 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Staiger, M.P., Pietak, A.M., Huadmai, J., and Dias, G.: Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: A review. Biomaterials 27, 1728 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Xin, Y.C., Huo, K.F., Hu, T., Tang, G.Y., and Chu, P.K.: Influence of aggressive ions on the degradation behavior of biomedical magnesium alloy in physiological environment. Acta Biomater. 4, 2008 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Song, G.L. and Atrens, A.: Understanding magnesium corrosion–A framework for improved alloy performance. Adv. Eng. Mater. 5, 837 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Quach, N.C., Uggowitzer, P.J., and Schmutz, P.: Corrosion behaviour of an Mg-Y-RE alloy used in biomedical applications studied by electrochemical techniques. C.R. Chim. 11, 1043 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Kuwahara, H., Al-Abdullat, Y., Ohta, M., Tsutsumi, S., Ikeuchi, K., and Mazaki, N.: Surface reaction of magnesium in Hank's solutions. Mater. Sci. Forum 350, 349 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Xu, L.P., Yu, G.N., Zhang, E., Pan, F., and Yang, K.: In vivo corrosion behavior of Mg-Mn-Zn alloy for bone implant application. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 83, 703 (2007).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Li, Z.J., Gu, X.N., Lou, S.Q., and Zheng, Y.F.: The development of binary Mg-Ca alloys for use as biodegradable materials within bone. Biomaterials 29, 1329 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Li, L.C., Gao, J.C., and Wang, Y.: Evaluation of cyto-toxicity and corrosion behavior of alkali-heat-treated magnesium in simulated body fluid. Surf. Coat. Technol. 185, 92 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Kuwahara, H., Al-Abdullat, Y., Mazaki, N., Tsutsumi, S., and Aizawa, T.: Precipitation of magnesium apatite on pure magnesium surface during immersing in Hank's solution. Mater. Trans., JIM 42, 1317 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Rettig, R. and Virtanen, S.: Composition of corrosion layers on a magnesium rare-earth alloy in simulated body fluids. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 88A, 359 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Xin, Y.C., Liu, C.L., Zhang, X.M., Tang, G.Y., Tian, X.B., and Chu, P.K.: Corrosion behavior of biomedical AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulated body fluids. J. Mater. Res. 22, 2004 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Cho, S.B., Nakanishi, K., Kokubo, T., Soga, N., Ohtsuki, C., Nakamura, T., Kitsugi, T., and Yamauro, T.: Dependence of apatite formation on silica-gel on its structure—Effect of heat-treatment. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 78, 1769 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Song, G.L. and Atrens, A.: Corrosion mechanisms of magnesium alloys. Adv. Eng. Mater. 1, 11 (1999).3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Golubev, S.V., Pokrovsky, O.S., and Savenko, V.S.: Unseeded precipitation of calcium and magnesium phosphates from modified seawater solutions. J. Cryst. Growth 205, 354 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Tongamp, W., Zhang, Q.W., and Saito, F.: Preparation of meixnerite (Mg-Al-OH) type layered double hydroxide by a mechanochemical route. J. Mater. Sci. 42, 9210 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Weng, J., Liu, Q., J.Wolke, G.C., Zhang, X.D., and deGroot, K.: Formation and characteristics of the apatite layer on plasmasprayed hydroxyapatite coatings in simulated body fluid. Biomaterials 18, 1027 (1997).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Martin, J., Dan, P., and Dominique, T.: Corrosion product formation during NaCl induced atmospheric corrosion of magnesium alloy AZ91D. Corros. Sci. 49, 1540 (2007).Google Scholar
24Canham, L.T., Reeves, C.L., Loni, A., Houlton, M.R., Newey, J.P., Simons, A.J., and Cox, T.I.: Calcium phosphate nucleation on porous silicon: Factors influencing kinetics in acellular simulated body fluids. Thin Solid Films 297, 304 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Epure, L.M., Dimitrievska, S., Merhi, Y., and Yahia, L.H.: The effect of varying Al2O3 percentage in hydroxyapatite/Al2O3 composite materials: Morphological, Chemical and cytotoxic evaluation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 83, 1009 (2007).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Aramendia, M.A., Borau, V., Jiménez, C., Marinas, J.M., Romcro, F.J., Navío, J.A., and Barrios, J.: Modification of the activity of Mg3(PO4)2 in the gas-phase conversion of cyclohexanol by addition of sodium carbonate. J. Catal. 157, 97 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Kilpadi, D.V., Raikar, G.N., Liu, J., Vohra, Y., and Gregory, J.C.: Effect of surface treatment on unalloyed titanium implants: Spectroscopic analyses. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 40, 646 (1998).3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Hosking, N.C., Strom, M.A., Shipway, P.H., and Rudd, C.D.: Corrosion resistance of zinc-magnesium coated steel. Corros. Sci. 49, 3669 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Hsiao, H.Y. and Tsai, W.T.: Characterization of anodic films formed on AZ91 D magnesium alloy. Surf. Coat. Technol. 190, 299 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Tanimoto, Y., Shibata, Y., Kataoka, Y., Miyazaki, T., and Nishiyama, N.: Osteoblast-like cell proliferation on tape-cast and sintered tricalcium phosphate sheets. Acta Biomater. 4, 397 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Landi, E., Sprio, S., Sandri, M., Celotti, G., and Tampieri, A.: Development of Sr and CO3 co-substituted hydroxyapatites for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 4, 656 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Kim, S.R., Lee, J.H., Kim, Y.T., Riu, D.H., Jung, S.J., Lee, Y.J., Chung, S.C., and Kim, Y.H.: Synthesis of Si, Mg substituted hydroxyapatites and their sintering behaviors. Biomaterials 24, 1389 (2003).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Soto, K., Garza, K.M., and Murr, L.E.: Cytotoxic effects of aggregated nanomaterials. Acta Biomater. 3, 351 (2007).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed