Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T12:45:27.418Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Compressive response of vertically aligned carbon nanotube films gleaned from in situ flat-punch indentations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2012

Siddhartha Pathak ,
Nisha Mohan ,
Parisa Pour Shahid Saeed Abadi ,
Samuel Graham ,
Baratunde A. Cola  and
Julia R. Greer
Siddhartha Pathak*
Affiliation:
Materials Science, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125
Nisha Mohan
Affiliation:
Materials Science, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125
Parisa Pour Shahid Saeed Abadi
Affiliation:
George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Samuel Graham
Affiliation:
George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Baratunde A. Cola
Affiliation:
George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Julia R. Greer
Affiliation:
Materials Science, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

We report the mechanical behavior of vertically aligned carbon nanotube films, grown on Si substrates using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, subjected to in situ large displacement (up to 70 μm) flat-punch indentations. We observed three distinct regimes in their indentation stress–strain curves: (i) a short elastic regime, followed by (ii) a sudden instability, which resulted in a substantial rapid displacement burst manifested by an instantaneous vertical shearing of the material directly underneath the indenter tip by as much as 30 μm, and (iii) a positively sloped plateau for displacements between 10 and 70 μm. In situ nanomechanical indentation experiments revealed that the shear strain was accommodated by an array of coiled carbon nanotube “microrollers,” providing a low-friction path for the vertical displacement. Mechanical response and concurrent deformation morphologies are discussed in the foam-like deformation framework with a particular emphasis on boundary conditions.

Keywords

carbonstress/strain relationshipnano-indentationdensification
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 28 , Issue 7: Focus Issue: De Novo Carbon Nanomaterials: Opportunities and Challenges in a Flat World , 14 April 2013 , pp. 984 - 997
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

McCarter, C.M., Richards, R.F., Mesarovic, S.D., Richards, C.D., Bahr, D.F., McClain, D., and Jiao, J.: Mechanical compliance of photolithographically defined vertically aligned carbon nanotube turf. J. Mater. Sci. 41, 7872 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zbib, A.A., Mesarovic, S.D., Lilleodden, E.T., McClain, D., Jiao, J., and Bahr, D.F.: The coordinated buckling of carbon nanotube turfs under uniform compression. Nanotechnology 19, 175704 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cola, B.A., Xu, J., and Fisher, T.S.: Contact mechanics and thermal conductance of carbon nanotube array interfaces. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 52, 3490 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Misra, A., Greer, J.R., and Daraio, C.: Strain rate effects in the mechanical response of polymer-anchored carbon nanotube foams. Adv. Mater. 20, 1 (2008).Google Scholar
Cao, A.Y., Dickrell, P.L., Sawyer, W.G., Ghasemi-Nejhad, M.N., and Ajayan, P.M.: Super-compressible foamlike carbon nanotube films. Science 310, 1307 (2005).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cho, J., Richards, C., Bahr, D., Jiao, J., and Richards, R.: Evaluation of contacts for a MEMS thermal switch. J. Micromech. Microeng. 18(105012), 1–6 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, J.F., Guduru, P.R., Jouzi, M., Xu, J.M., Hanlon, T., and Suresh, S.: Shell buckling of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes using nanoindentation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 103109 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pathak, S., Cambaz, Z.G., Kalidindi, S.R., Swadener, J.G., and Gogotsi, Y.: Viscoelasticity and high buckling stress of dense carbon nanotube brushes. Carbon 47, 1969 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pathak, S., Lim, E.J., Pour Shahid Saeed Abadi, P., Graham, S., Cola, B.A., and Greer, J.R.: Higher recovery and better energy dissipation at faster strain rates in carbon nanotube bundles: An in situ study. ACS Nano 6(3), 2189–2197 (2012).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, M. and Ando, Y.: Chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes: A review on growth mechanism and mass production. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 10, 3739 (2010).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutchens, S.B., Hall, L.J., and Greer, J.R.: In situ mechanical testing reveals periodic buckle nucleation and propagation in carbon nanotube bundles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 2338 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchens, S.B., Needleman, A., and Greer, J.R.: Analysis of uniaxial compression of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 59, 2227 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suhr, J., Victor, P., Sreekala, L.C.S., Zhang, X., Nalamasu, O., and Ajayan, P.M.: Fatigue resistance of aligned carbon nanotube arrays under cyclic compression. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 417 (2007).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tong, T., Zhao, Y., Delzeit, L., Kashani, A., Meyyappan, M., and Majumdar, A.: Height independent compressive modulus of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Nano Lett. 8, 511 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mesarovic, S.D., McCarter, C.M., Bahr, D.F., Radhakrishnan, H., Richards, R.F., Richards, C.D., McClain, D., and Jiao, J.: Mechanical behavior of a carbon nanotube turf. Scr. Mater. 56, 157 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiu, A., Bahr, D.F., Zbib, A.A., Bellou, A., Mesarovic, S.D., McClain, D., Hudson, W., Jiao, J., Kiener, D., and Cordill, M.J.: Local and non-local behavior and coordinated buckling of CNT turfs. Carbon 49, 1430 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Q., Lu, Y.C., Du, F., Dai, L., Baur, J., and Foster, D.C.: Viscoelastic creep of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43, 315401 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deck, C.P., Flowers, J., McKee, G.S.B., and Vecchio, K.: Mechanical behavior of ultralong multiwalled carbon nanotube mats. J. Appl. Phys. 101, 23512 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, M., Futaba, D.N., Yamada, T., Yumura, M., and Hata, K.: Carbon nanotubes with temperature-invariant viscoelasticity from-196 degrees to 1000 degrees C. Science 330, 1364 (2010).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, M., Futaba, D.N., Yumura, M., and Hata, K.: Carbon nanotubes with temperature-invariant creep and creep-recovery from −190 to 970 °C. Adv. Mater. 23, 3686 (2011).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, C., Reiner, A., Chung, C., Chang, S-H., Kao, I., Kukta, R.V., and Korach, C.S.: Buckling initiation and displacement dependence in compression of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Carbon 49, 3190 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maschmann, M.R., Qiuhong, Z., Feng, D., Liming, D., and Baur, J.: Length dependent foam-like mechanical response of axially indented vertically oriented carbon nanotube arrays. Carbon 49, 386 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pour Shahid Saeed Abadi, P., Hutchens, S., Taphouse, J.H., Greer, J.R., Cola, B.A., and Graham, S.: The effect of morphology on the micro-compression response of carbon nanotube forests. Nanoscale 4(11), 3373–3380 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maschmann, M.R., Zhang, Q., Wheeler, R., Du, F., Dai, L., and Baur, J.: In situ SEM observation of column-like and foam-like CNT array nanoindentation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 648 (2011).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradford, P.D., Wang, X., Zhao, H., and Zhu, Y.T.: Tuning the compressive mechanical properties of carbon nanotube foam. Carbon 49, 2834 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J-Y. and Greer, J.R.: Tensile and compressive behavior of gold and molybdenum single crystals at the nano-scale. Acta Mater. 57, 5245 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tu, J.P., Jiang, C.X., Guo, S.Y., and Fu, M.F.: Micro-friction characteristics of aligned carbon nanotube film on an anodic aluminum oxide template. Mater. Lett. 58, 1646 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tu, J.P., Zhu, L.P., Hou, K., and Guo, S.Y.: Synthesis and frictional properties of array film of amorphous carbon nanofibers on anodic aluminum oxide. Carbon 41, 1257 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, K.L.: Contact Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987).Google Scholar
Oliver, W.C. and Pharr, G.M.: Improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J. Mater. Res. 7, 1564 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deshpande, V.S. and Fleck, N.A.: Isotropic constitutive models for metallic foams. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48, 1253 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashby, M.F.: Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, 3rd ed. (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2005).Google Scholar
Hill, R.: The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1950).Google Scholar
Herbert, E.G., Oliver, W.C., and Pharr, G.M.: Nanoindentation and the dynamic characterization of viscoelastic solids. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41, 074021 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, E.G., Oliver, W.C., Lumsdaine, A., and Pharr, G.M.: Measuring the constitutive behavior of viscoelastic solids in the time and frequency domain using flat punch nanoindentation. J. Mater. Res. 24, 626 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, W.J., Maloney, A.R., and Nix, W.D.: An improved analysis for viscoelastic damping in dynamic nanoindentation. Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng. 1, 274 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, W.J. and Nix, W.D.: Storage and loss stiffnesses and moduli as determined by dynamic nanoindentation. J. Mater. Res. 24(3), 863 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pathak, S., Gregory Swadener, J., Kalidindi, S.R., Courtland, H-W., Jepsen, K.J., and Goldman, H.M.: Measuring the dynamic mechanical response of hydrated mouse bone by nanoindentation. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4, 34 (2011).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleck, N.A., Otoyo, H., and Needleman, A.: Indentation of porous solids. Int. J. Solids Struct. 29, 1613 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sudheer Kumar, P., Ramchandra, S., and Ramamurty, U.: Effect of displacement-rate on the indentation behavior of an aluminum foam. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 347, 330 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores-Johnson, E.A. and Li, Q.M.: Indentation into polymeric foams. Int. J. Solids Struct. 47, 1987 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pantano, A., Parks, D.M., and Boyce, M.C.: Mechanics of deformation of single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 52, 789 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakes, R.S.: Viscoelastic Solids (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1998).Google Scholar
Doerner, M.F. and Nix, W.D.: A method for interpreting the data from depth-sensing indentation instruments. J. Mater. Res. 1, 601 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, I.M. and Sweeney, J.: An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers, 2nd ed. (Wiley, West Sussex, UK, 2004).Google Scholar
Gibson, L.J. and Ashby, M.F.: Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999).Google Scholar
Andrews, E.W., Gibson, L.J., and Ashby, M.F.: The creep of cellular solids. Acta Mater. 47, 2853 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, E.W., Gioux, G., Onck, P., and Gibson, L.J.: Size effects in ductile cellular solids. Part II: Experimental results. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 43, 701 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pathak, S., Mohan, N., Decolvenaere, E., Needleman, A., Bedewy, M., Hart, A.J., and Greer, J.R.: Effect of density gradients on the deformation of carbon nanotube pillars: An in-situ study. (2012, submitted).Google Scholar
Gogotsi, Y.: High-temperature rubber made from carbon nanotubes. Science 330, 1332 (2010).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pathak et al. supplementary movie

Supplementary movie

Download Pathak et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 6.9 MB

Pathak et al. supplementary movie

Supplementary movie

Download Pathak et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 7.4 MB