Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T00:58:14.194Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Synthesis of polystyrene-grafted carbon nanocapsules

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Hsuan-Ming Huang ,
Hung-Chieh Tsai ,
I-Chun Liu  and
Raymond Chien-Chao Tsiang
Hsuan-Ming Huang
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China
Hung-Chieh Tsai
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China
I-Chun Liu
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China
Raymond Chien-Chao Tsiang*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China
*
a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

A novel polymeric composite material, polystyrene (PS)-grafted carbon nanocapsules (CNCs), has been prepared. sec-butyllithium was first used to introduce negative charges on CNCs, and these CNC carbanions acted then as initiators for anionic polymerization of styrene. Based on a weight loss at the decomposition temperature of the butyl groups, the quantity of the butyls attached to the CNC surface was determined as 1.18 wt%, corresponding to 0.25 mol% initiator per mol of carbon atom on the CNC surface. Furthermore, the decomposition temperature of butylated CNCs was lower than that of the pristine CNCs by nearly 200 °C. The polystyrene content in our PS-grafted CNC sample was approximately 20%, and the molecular weight of the grafted PS on the surface of CNCs was calculated as 1200 gmol−1. Compared with the molecular weight of the ungrafted PS, the molecular weight of grafted PS was lower, thus indicating rates of initiation and/or propagation for CNC-bound carbanions lower than those of the free sec-butyllithium. The PS-grafted CNCs had good dispersion in toluene, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, and other common organic solvents in which polystyrene was dissolvable and thus indicated good compatibility when further blended with other styrenic polymers. The PS-grafted CNCs were characterized and examined by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The electron microscopy images indicated that the PS-grafted CNCs were homogeneous composites containing uniform polymer/CNC ratios.

Keywords

CompositeNanoscalePolymerization
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , January 2007 , pp. 132 - 140
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1Iijima, S.: Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354, 56 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Ugarte, D.: Curling and closure of graphitic networks under electron-beam irradiation. Nature 359, 707 (1992).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Yasuda, A., Kawase, N., Banhart, F., Mizutani, W., Shimizu, T., and Tokumoto, H.: Formation mechanism of carbon-nanocapsules and -nanoparticles based on the in-situ observation. J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 1247 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Abe, H., Yamamoto, S., and Miyashita, A.: Formation mechanisms for carbon onions and nanocapsules in C+-ion implanted copper. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 3353 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Saito, Y. and Matsumoto, T.: Hollow and filled rectangular parallelopiped carbon nanocapsules catalyzed by calcium and strontium. J. Cryst. Growth 187, 402 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Oku, T., Kuno, M., Kitahara, H., and Narita, I.: Formation, atomic structures and properties of boron nitride and carbon nanocage fullerene materials. Int. J. Inorg. Mater. 3, 597 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Subramoney, S., Ruoff, R.S., Lorents, D.C., Chan, B., Malhotra, R., Dyer, M.J., and Parvin, K.: Magnetic separation of GdC2 encapsulated in carbon nanoparticles. Carbon 32, 507 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Diggs, B., Zhou, A., Silva, C., Kirkpatrick, S., Nuhfer, N.T., McHenry, M.E., Petasis, D., Majetich, S.A., Brunett, B., Artman, J.O., and Staley, S.W.: Magnetic properties of carbon-coated rare-earth carbide nanocrystallites produced by a carbon arc method. J. Appl. Phys. 75, 5879 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Tomita, S., Hikita, M., Fujii, M., Hayashi, S., Akamatsu, K., Deki, S., and Yasuda, H.: Formation of Co filled carbon nanocapsules by metal-template graphitization of diamond nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 88, 5452 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Oku, T., Kusunose, T., Hirata, T., Hatakeyama, R., Sato, N., Niihara, K., and Suganuma, K.: Formation and structure of Ag, Ge, and SiC nanoparticles encapsulated in boron nitride and carbon nanocapsules. Diamond Relat. Mater. 9, 911 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Kopelev, N.S., Chechersky, V., Nath, A., Wang, Z.L., Kuzmann, E., Zhang, B., and Via, G.H.: Encapsulation of iron carbide in carbon nanocapsules. Chem. Mater. 7, 1419 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Saito, Y., Okuda, M., Yoshikawa, T., Kasuya, A., and Nishina, Y.: Correlation between volatility of rare-earth metals and encapsulation of their carbides in carbon nanocapsules. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 6696 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Saito, Y., Nishikubo, K., Kawabata, K., and Matsumoto, T.: Carbon nanocapsules and single-layered nanotubes produced with platinum-group metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt) by arc discharge. J. Appl. Phys. 80, 3062 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14Sano, N., Akazawa, H., Kikuchi, T., and Kanki, T.: Separated synthesis of iron-included carbon nanocapsules and nanotubes by pyrolysis of ferrocene in pure hydrogen. Carbon 41, 2159 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Si, P.Z., Zhang, Z.D., Geng, D.Y., You, C.Y., Zhao, X.G., and Zhang, W.S.: Synthesis and characteristics of carbon-coated iron and nickel nanocapsules produced by arc discharge in ethanol vapor. Carbon 41, 247 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Kasuya, A., Iwasaki, H., Saito, Y., Okuda, M., Suezawa, M., Sumiyama, K., Suzuki, K., and Nishina, Y.: Magnetic measurements on YC2 encapsulated in graphitic polyhedral particles. Surf. Rev. Lett. 3, 853 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Funasaka, H., Sugiyama, K., Yamanoto, K., and Takahashi, T.: Synthesis of actinide carbides encapsulated within carbon nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 78, 5320 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Huang, G.L.: Organically functionalized carbon nanocapsule. U.S. Patent No. 20040126303A1 (2004).Google Scholar
19Lin, Y., Rao, A.M., Sadanadan, B., Kenik, E.A., and Sun, Y.P.: Functionalizing multiple-walled carbon nanotubes with aminopolymers. J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 1294 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Hill, D.E., Lin, Y., Rao, A.M., Allard, L.F., and Sun, Y.P.: Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with polystyrene. Macromolecules 35, 9466 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Fu, K., Li, H., Zhou, B., Kitaygorodskiy, A., Allard, L.F., and Sun, Y.P.: Deuterium attachment to carbon nanotubes in deuterated water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 4669 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Lin, Y., Allard, L.F., and Sun, Y.P.: Protein-affinity of single-walled carbon nanotubes in water. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 3760 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Chen, J., Hamon, M.A., Hu, H., Chen, Y., Rao, A.M., Eklund, P.C., and Haddon, R.C.: Solution properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science 282, 95 (1998).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Samulski, E.T., DeSimone, J.M., Hunt, M.O., Menceloglu, Y.Z. Jr., Jarnagin, R.C., York, G.A., Labat, K.B., and Wang, H.: Flagellenes: Nanophase-separated, polymer-substituted fullerenes. Chem. Mater. 4, 1153 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Ederlé, Y. and Mathis, C.: Grafting of anionic polymers onto C60 in polar and nonpolar solvents. Macromolecules 30, 2546 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Ederlé, Y. and Mathis, C.: Carbanions on grafted C60 as initiators for anionic polymerization. Macromolecules 30, 4262 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Viswanathan, G., Chakrapani, N., Yang, H., Wei, B., Chung, H., Cho, K., Ryu, C.Y., and Ajayan, P.M.: Single-step in situ synthesis of polymer-grafted single-wall nanotube composites. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 9258 (2003).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Kong, H., Gao, C., and Yan, D.: Controlled functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by in situ atom transfer radical polymerization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 412 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Kong, H., Gao, C., and Yan, D.: Functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by atom transfer radical polymerization and defunctionalization of the products. Macromolecules 37, 4022 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Baskaran, D., Mays, J.W., and Bratcher, M.S.: Polymer-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes through surface-initiated polymerization. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 43, 2138 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Huang, G.L.: Preparation of hollow carbon nanocapsules. U.S. Patent No. 20030159917A1 (2003).Google Scholar
32Georgakilas, V., Guldi, D.M., Signorini, R., Bozio, R., and Prato, M.: Organic functionalization and optical properties of carbon onions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 14268 (2003).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Georgakilas, V., Kordatos, K., Prato, M., Guldi, D.M., Holzinger, M., and Hirsch, A.: Organic functionalization of carbon nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 760 (2002).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Haddon, R.C.: Chemistry of the fullerenes: The manifestation of strain in a class of continuous aromatic molecules. Science 261, 1545 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35Koshio, A., Yudasaka, M., Zhang, M., and Lijima, S.: A simple way to chemically react single-wall carbon nanotubes with organic materials using ultrasonication. Nano Lett. 1, 361 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36Liu, L., Qin, Y., Guo, Z.X., and Zhu, D.: Reduction of solubilized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 41, 331 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Blake, R., Gun’ko, Y.K., Coleman, J., Cadek, M., Fonseca, A., Nagy, J.B., and Blau, W.J.: A generic organometallic approach toward ultra-strong carbon nanotube polymer composites. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 10226 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Liu, I.C., Huang, H.M., Chang, C.Y., Tsai, H.C., Hsu, C.H., and Tsiang, R.C.C.: Preparing a styrenic polymer composite containing well-dispersed carbon nanotubes: Anionic polymerization of a nanotube-bound p-methylstyrene. Macromolecules 37, 283 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39Chieu, T.C., Dresselhaus, M.S., and Endo, M.: Raman studies of benzene-derived graphite fibers. Phys. Rev. B 26, 5867 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40Ferrari, A.C. and Robertson, J.: Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon. Phys. Rev. B 61, 14095 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Rigolio, M., Castiglioni, C., Zerbi, G., and Negri, F.: Density-functional theory prediction of the vibrational spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Effect of molecular symmetry and size on Raman intensities. J. Mol. Struct. 563–564, 79 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42Wu, W., Zhang, S., Li, Y., Li, J., Liu, L., Qin, Y., Guo, Z.X., Dai, L., Ye, C., and Zhu, D.: PVK-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes with effective photoinduced electron transfer. Macromolecules 36, 6286 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43Liang, F., Sadana, A.K., Peera, A., Chattopadhyay, J., Gu, Z., Hauge, R.H., and Billups, W.E.: Convenient route to functionalized carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 4, 1257 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44Hsieh, H.L.: Kinetics of polymerization of butadiene, isoprene, and styrene with alkyllithiums. Part II. Rate of initiation. J. Polym. Sci., Part A 3, 163 (1965).Google Scholar
45Dyke, C.A. and Tour, J.M.: Covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for materials applications. J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 11151 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46Hamon, M.A., Chen, J., Hu, H., Chen, Y.S., Itkis, M.E., Rao, A.M., Eklund, P.C., and Haddon, R.C.: Dissolution of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 11, 834 (1999).3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47Li, X., Zhang, J., Li, Q., Li, H., and Liu, Z.: Polymerization of short single-walled carbon nanotubes into large strands. Carbon 41, 598 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48Dresselhaus, M.S., Dresselhaus, G., Jorio, A., Filho, A.G. Souza, Pimenta, M.A., and Saito, R.: Single nanotube raman spectroscopy. Acc. Chem. Res. 35, 1070 (2002).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Liu, Y., Yao, Z., and Adronov, A.: Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with well-defined polymers by radical coupling. Macromolecules 38, 1172 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50Qin, S., Qin, D., Ford, W.T., Resasco, D.E., and Herrera, J.E.: Polymer brushes on single-walled carbon nanotubes by atom transfer radical polymerization of n-butyl methacrylate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 170 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed