Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T02:02:25.435Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sliding wear, viscoelasticity, and brittleness of polymers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Witold Brostow ,
Haley E. Hagg Lobland  and
Moshe Narkis
Witold Brostow*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Advanced Polymers & Optimized Materials (LAPOM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5310
Haley E. Hagg Lobland
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Advanced Polymers & Optimized Materials (LAPOM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5310
Moshe Narkis
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Ramat-Gan 52526, Israel
*
a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

We have connected viscoelastic recovery (healing) in sliding wear to free volume in polymers by using pressure-volume-temperature (P-V-T) results and the Hartmann equation of state. A linear relationship was found for all polymers studied with a wide variety of chemical structures, except for polystyrene (PS). Examination of the effect of the indenter force level applied in sliding wear on the healing shows that recovery is practically independent of that level. Strain hardening in sliding wear was observed for all materials except PS, the exception attributed to brittleness. Therefore, we have formulated a quantitative definition of brittleness in terms of elongation at break and storage modulus. Further, we provide a formula relating the brittleness to sliding wear recovery; the formula is obeyed with high accuracy by all materials including PS. High recovery values correspond to low brittleness, and vice versa. Our definition of brittleness can be used as a design criterion for choosing polymers for specific applications.

Keywords

Macromolecular structurePolymerTribology
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 21 , Issue 9 , September 2006 , pp. 2422 - 2428
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1Rabinowicz, E.: Friction and Wear of Materials, 2nd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1995).Google Scholar
2Brostow, W., Keselman, M., Mironi-Harpaz, I., Narkis, M., and Peirce, R.: Effects of carbon black on tribology of blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) with irradiated and non-irradiated ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene. Polymer 46, 5058 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3Dzenis, Y.: Spinning continuous fibers for nanotechnology. Science 304, 1917 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Zambelli, G. and Vincent, L.: editors Matériaux et Contacts: Une Approche Tribologique (Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires romandes, Lausanne, 1998).Google Scholar
5Mathieu, H.J., Bergmann, E., and Gras, R.: Analyse et Technologie des Surfaces: Couches Minces et Tribologie (Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne, 2003).Google Scholar
6Sandler, J., Shaffer, M.S.P., Lam, Y-M., Windle, A.H., Werner, P., Altstädt, V., Nastalczyk, J., Broza, G., Schulte, K., and Keun, C-A.: Carbon-nanofibre filled thermoplastic composites, in Making Functional Materials with Nanotubes, edited by Bernier, P., Ajayan, P., Iwasa, Y. and Nikolaev, P. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 706, Warrendale, PA, 2002), p. 105.Google Scholar
7Sandler, J., Werner, P., Shaffer, M.S.P., Dernchuk, V., Altstädt, V., and Windle, A.H.: Carbon-fibre reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) composites. Composites A 33, 1033 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Werner, P., Altstädt, V., Jaskulka, R., Jacobs, O., Sandler, J.K.W., Shaffer, M.S.P., and Windle, A.H.: Tribological behaviour of carbon-nanofibre-reinforced poly(ether ether ketone). Wear 257, 1006 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Goldman, A.Y.: Prediction of the Deformation Properties of Polymeric and Composite Materials (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994).Google Scholar
10Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook, edited by Mark, J.E. (American Institute of Physics Press, Woodbury, NY, 1995).Google Scholar
11Lucas, E.F., Soares, B.G., and Monteiro, E.: Caracterização de Polimeros, (e-papers, Rio de Janeiro, 2001).Google Scholar
12Robinson, D.N. and Binienda, W.K.: Optimal fiber orientation in creeping composite structures. J. Appl. Mech. 68, 213 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Kuguoglu, L., Binienda, W.K., and Hajjafar, A.: Analytical modeling of imperfect bond between coated fibers and matrix material. Int. J. Fracture 123, 63 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14Robinson, D.N. and Binienda, W.K.: A representation of anisotropic creep damage in fiber reinforced composites. J. Appl. Mech. 72, 484 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Song, G., Qiao, P., and Binienda, W.K.: Active vibration damping of a composite beam using smart sensors and actuators. J. Aerosp. Eng. 15(3), 97 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Brostow, W., Deborde, J-L., Jaklewicz, M., and Olszynski, P.: Tribology with emphasis on polymers: Friction, scratch resistance and wear. J. Mater. Ed. 24, 119 (2003).Google Scholar
17Brostow, W., Damarla, G., Howe, J., and Pietkiewicz, D.: Determination of wear of surfaces by scratch testing. e-Polymers no. 025, 18(2004).Google Scholar
18Brostow, W. and Jaklewicz, M.: Friction and scratch resistance of polymer liquid crystals: Effects of magnetic field orientation. J. Mater. Res. 19, 1038 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Brostow, W., Bujard, B., Cassidy, P.E., Hagg, H.E., and Montemartini, P.E.: Effects of fluoropolymer addition to an epoxy on scratch depth and recovery. Mater. Res. lnnovations 6, 7–12(2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Menard, K.P.: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis—An Introduction (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Menard, K.P.: Thermal transitions and their measurement, in Performance of Plastics, edited by Brostow, W. (Hanser, Munich– Cincinnati, 2000), Chap. 8.Google Scholar
22Brostow, W., D’Souza, N.A., Kubát, J., and Maksimov, R.: Creep and stress relaxation of a longitudinal polymer liquid crystal: Prediction of the temperature shift factor. J. Chem. Phys. 110, 9706 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Performance of Plastics, edited by Brostow, W. (Hanser, Munich– Cincinnati, 2000).Google Scholar
24Brostow, W.: Time-stress correspondence in viscoelastic materials: An equation for the stress and temperature shift factor. Mater. Res. lnnovations 3, 347–351(2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Akinay, A.E., Brostow, W., and Maksimov, R.: Prediction of long-term service performance of polymeric materials from short-term tests: Creep and prediction of the stress shift for a longitudinal polymer liquid crystal. Polym. Eng. Sci. 41, 977 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Akinay, A.E. and Brostow, W.: Long-term service performance of polymeric materials from short-term tests: Prediction of the stress shift factor from a minimum of data. Polymer 42, 4527 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Akinay, A.E., Brostow, W., Castaño, V.M., Maksimov, R., and Olszynski, P.: Time-temperature correspondence prediction of stress relaxation of polymeric materials from a minimum of data. Polymer 43, 3593 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Flory, P.J.: Selected Works Vol. 3 (Stanford University Press, CA, 1985).Google Scholar
29Hartmann, B. and Haque, M.A.: An equation of state for polymer solids. J. Appl. Phys. 58, 2831 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Zoller, P. and Walsh, D.: Standard Pressure–Volume –Temperature Data for Polymers (Technomic, Lancaster, PA – Basel, 1995).Google Scholar
31Bermudez, M.D., Brostow, W., Carrion-Vilches, F.J., Cervantes, J.J., and Pietkiewicz, D.: Wear of thermoplastics determined by multiple scratching. e-Polymers no. 001, 1–8(2005).Google Scholar
32Bermudez, M.D., Brostow, W., Carrion-Vilches, F.J., Cervantes, J.J., Damarla, G., and Perez, M.J.: Scratch velocity and wear resistance. e-Polymers no. 003, 1–11(2005).Google Scholar
33Jose, S., Thomas, S., Lievana, E., and Karger-Kocsis, J.: Morphology and mechanical properties of polyamide 12 blends with styrene/ethylene- butylene/styrene rubbers with and without maleation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 95, 1376 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Sepe, M.: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis for Plastics Engineering (Plastics Design Library, Norwich, NY, 1998).Google Scholar
35Ho, C.H. and Vu-Khanh, T.: Physical aging and time-temperature behavior concerning fracture performance of polycarbonate. Theor. App. Fract. Mech. 41, 103 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36Fiebig, J., Gahleitner, M., Paulik, C., and Wolfschwenger, J.: Ageing of polypropylene: processes and consequences. Polym. Test. 18, 257 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Wilson, K.V. Jr., Smith, B.L., Macdonald, J.M., Schoonover, J.R., Castro, J.M., Smith, M.E., Cournoyer, M.E., Marx, R., and Steckle, W.P. Jr.: Physico-chemical degradation of thermally aged hypalon glove samples. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 84, 439 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Schwarz, I., Stranz, M., Bonnet, M., and Petermann, J.: Changes of mechanical properties in cold-crystallized syndiotactic polypropylene during aging. Colloid Polym. Sci. 279, 506 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39Fallon, B.D. and Eiss, N. Jr.: Tribological evaluation of carbon fiber reinforced PEEK and PEI at elevated temperatures, in Friction and Wear Technology for Advanced Composite Materials, edited by Rohatgi, P.K. (ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1994), p. 121–130.Google Scholar
40Brostow, W., Hinze, J.A., and Simoes, R.: Tribological behavior of polymer simulated by molecular dynamics. J. Mater. Res. 19, 851 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Werwa, E.: Everything you’ve always wanted to know about what your students think they know but were afraid to ask. J. Mater. Ed. 22, 18 (2000).Google Scholar
42Hagg Lobland, H.E.: Strange matter: Student impressions of a museum exhibit by the Materials Research Society. J. Mater. Ed. 28 (to be published 2006).Google Scholar
43Mayer, R.M.: Design with Reinforced Plastics (The Design Council, London, 1993), p. iii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar