Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T09:42:09.039Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Segmented nanoporous WO3 prepared via anodization and their photocatalytic properties

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2016

Syahriza Ismail ,
Chai Yan Ng ,
Ehsan Ahmadi ,
Khairunisak Abdul Razak  and
Zainovia Lockman
Syahriza Ismail
Affiliation:
Green Electronics Nanomaterials Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia; and Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
Chai Yan Ng
Affiliation:
Green Electronics Nanomaterials Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia; and Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
Ehsan Ahmadi
Affiliation:
Green Electronics Nanomaterials Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Khairunisak Abdul Razak
Affiliation:
Green Electronics Nanomaterials Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Zainovia Lockman*
Affiliation:
Green Electronics Nanomaterials Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Segmented nanoporous WO3 is prepared via anodization with an electrolyte containing 1 M Na2SO4 and 0.07–0.7 g of NH4F. Annealing (500 °C for 1 h) was also performed to induce crystallinity in WO3. More pores (50–80 nm in diameter) and thicker porous layer were formed by increasing the amount of NH4F (400 nm for 0.3 g of NH4F). However, further increase of the NH4F amount to 0.5 and 0.7 g did not increase the porous layer thickness. Segmented nanoporous structure formation was attributed to the dissolution of anodic oxide by H+ and F− ions in the electrolyte, as well as the healing process induced by the electric field. The photocatalytic activity of the WO3 samples was evaluated through degradation of methyl orange solution. The as-anodized sample showed lower photocatalytic ability in comparison with the annealed sample because of the amorphous behavior of as-anodized WO3.

Keywords

nanostructureoxidationoxide
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 31 , Issue 6 , 28 March 2016 , pp. 721 - 728
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bamwenda, G.R. and Arakawa, H.: The visible light induced photocatalytic activity of tungsten trioxide powders. Appl. Catal., A 210(1–2), 181–191 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henglein, A.: Nanoclusters of semiconductors and metals: Colloidal nano-particles of semiconductors and metals: Electronic structure and processes. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 101(11), 1562–1572 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W., and Bahnemann, D.W.: Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 95(1), 69–96 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J., Zhang, W., Yang, Z., Yu, Z., Zhang, X., Chang, T.C., and Javey, A.: Vertically aligned tungsten oxide nanorod film with enhanced performance in photoluminescence humidity sensing. Sens. Actuators, B 202, 708–713 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qi, C-X., Tan, Z., Feng, Z-H., and Yu, L-P.: Fabrication of bowl-like porous WO3 film by colloidal crystal template-assisted electrodeposition method. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 25(3), 1553–1558 (2014).Google Scholar
Zhao, B., Zhang, X., Dong, G., Wang, H., and Yan, H.: Efficient electrochromic device based on sol–gel prepared WO3 films. Ionics 21(10), 2879–2887 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, C.Y., Razak, K.A., and Lockman, Z.: A WO3 nanoporous-nanorod film formed by hydrothermal growth of nanorods on anodized nanoporous substrate. J. Electrochem. Soc. 162(9), E148–E153 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, C.Y., Razak, K.A., and Lockman, Z.: Effect of annealing on acid-treated WO3·H2O nanoplates and their electrochromic properties. Electrochim. Acta 178, 673–681 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, H., Duan, G., Liu, G., Li, Y., Xu, X., Dai, Z., Wang, J., and Cai, W.: Layer-controlled synthesis of WO3 ordered nanoporous films for optimum electrochromic application. Nanoscale 5(6), 2460–2468 (2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, C.Y., Razak, K.A., and Lockman, Z.: Effect of annealing temperature on anodized nanoporous WO3. J. Porous Mater. 22(2), 537–544 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, N., Paulose, M., Varghese, O.K., Mor, G.K., and Grimes, C.A.: Fabrication of nanoporous tungsten oxide by galvanostatic anodization. J. Mater. Res. 18(10), 2296–2299 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsuchiya, H., Macak, J.M., Sieber, I., Taveira, L., Ghicov, A., Sirotna, K., and Schmuki, P.: Self-organized porous WO3 formed in NaF electrolytes. Electrochem. Commun. 7(3), 295–298 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez, M.A. and López Teijelo, M.: Ellipsometric study of dissolution of anodic WO3 films in aqueous solutions. 2. Reaction mechanism. J. Phys. Chem. B 109(41), 19369–19376 (2005).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sulka, G.D.: Highly ordered anodic porous alumina formation by self-organized anodizing. In Nanostructured Materials in Electrochemistry, Eftekhari, A., ed. (Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2008); pp. 1–116.Google Scholar
Thompson, G.E.: Porous anodic alumina: Fabrication, characterization and applications. Thin Solid Films 297(1–2), 192–201 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lethy, K.J., Beena, D., Vinod Kumar, R., Mahadevan Pillai, V.P., Ganesan, V., Sathe, V., and Phase, D.M.: Nanostructured tungsten oxide thin films by the reactive pulsed laser deposition technique. Appl. Phys. A 91(4), 637–649 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bittencourt, C., Landers, R., Llobet, E., Correig, X., and Calderer, J.: The role of oxygen partial pressure and annealing temperature on the formation of W=O bonds in thin WO3 films. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 17(6), 522 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trasferetti, B.C., Rouxinol, F.P., Gelamo, R.V., Bica de Moraes, M.A., Davanzo, C.U., and de Faria, D.L.A.: Berreman effect in amorphous and crystalline WO3 thin films. J. Phys. Chem. B 108(33), 12333–12338 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J., Lee, P.S., and Ma, J.: Synthesis, growth mechanism and room-temperature blue luminescence emission of uniform WO3 nanosheets with W as starting material. J. Cryst. Growth 311(2), 316–319 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niederberger, M., Bartl, M.H., and Stucky, G.D.: Benzyl alcohol and transition metal chlorides as a versatile reaction system for the nonaqueous and low-temperature synthesis of crystalline nano-objects with controlled dimensionality. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(46), 13642–13643 (2002).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, Y., Quan, X., Lu, N., Zhao, H., and Chen, S.: High photocatalytic capability of self-assembled nanoporous WO3 with preferential orientation of (002) planes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(12), 4422–4427 (2007).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sánchez Martínez, D., Martínez-de la Cruz, A., and López Cuéllar, E.: Photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles obtained by precipitation in presence of urea as complexing agent. Appl. Catal., A 398(1–2), 179–186 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H., Xu, P., and Wang, T.: The preparation and properties study of photocatalytic nanocrystalline/nanoporous WO3 thin films. Mater. Des. 23(3), 331–336 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar