Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T15:04:51.109Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Polymeric Composites Tailored by Electric Field

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

GeunHyung Kim  and
Yuri M. Shkel
GeunHyung Kim
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Polymer Engineering Center, 1513 University Ave, Wisconsin 53705
Yuri M. Shkel
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Polymer Engineering Center, 1513 University Ave, Wisconsin 53705
Get access

Abstract

A solid composite of desirable microstructure can be produced by curing a liquid polymeric suspension in an electric field. Redistribution effect of the field-induced forces exceeds that of centrifugation, which is frequently employed to manufacture functionally graded materials. Moreover, unlike centrifugational sedimentation, the current approach can electrically rearrange the inclusions in targeted areas. The electric field can be employed to produce a composite having uniformly oriented structure or only modify the material in selected regions. Field-aided technology enables polymeric composites to be locally micro-tailored for a given application. Moreover, materials of literally any composition can be manipulated. In this article we present testing results for compositions of graphite and ceramic particles as well as glass fibers in epoxy. Electrical and rheological interactions of inclusions in a liquid epoxy are discussed. Measurements of tensile modulus and ultimate strength of epoxy composites having different microstructure of 10 vol% graphite, ceramic particles and glass fiber are presented.

Keywords

CompositeMicrostructureElectromigration
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , April 2004 , pp. 1164 - 1174
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1Kaysser, W.A. and Ilschner, B.: FGM research activities in Europe. MRS Bull. 20, 22 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Rabin, B.H. and Heaps, R.J.: Powder processing of Ni-Al2O3 FGM, in Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials, San Francisco, CA, Nov. 1-4 (1992).Google Scholar
3Rabin, B.H. and Shiota, I.: Functionally gradient materials. MRS Bull. 20, 14 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Jungling, T. and Kieback, B.: Ceramic/metal functionally gradient materials by sedimentation, in FGM’94 Symposium, Lausanne, October (1994).Google Scholar
5Lambros, J., Santare, M.H., Li, H. and III, G.H. Sapna: A novel technique for the fabrication of laboratory scale model functionally graded materials. Exp. Mech. 39, 184 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Lee, N.J., Jang, J., Park, M. and Choe, C.R.: Characterization of functionally gradient epoxy/carbon fiber composite prepared under centrifugal force. J. Mater. Sci. 32, 2013 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Krumova, M., Klingshirn, C., Haupert, F. and Friedrich, K.: Microhardness studies on functionally graded polymer composites. Comp. Sci. Technol. 61, 557 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Gast, A.P. and Zukoski, C.F.: Electrorheological Fluids as Colloidal Suspensions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 30, 153 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Jordan, T.C. and Shaw, M.T.: Electrorheology. MRS Bull. 16, 38 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Randall, C.A., Miller, D.V., Adair, J.H. and Bhalla, A.S.: Processing of electroceramic-polymer composites using the electrorheological effect. J. Mater. Res. 8, 899 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Tam, W.Y., Yi, G.H., Wen, W., Ma, H., Loy, M.M.T. and Sheng, P.: New electrorheological fluid: Theory and experiment. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2987 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Qi, M.C. and Shaw, M.T.: Sedimentation-resistant electrorheological fluids based on PVAL-coated microballoons. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 65, 539 (1997).3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Kanu, R.C. and Shaw, M.T.: Enhanced electrorheological fluids using anisotropic particles. J. Rheol. 42, 657 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14Martin, J.E. and Anderson, R.A.: Electrostriction in field-structured composites: Basis for a fast artificial muscle? J. Chem. Phys. 111, 4273 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Davis, L.C.: Model of magnetorheological elastomers. J. Appl. Phys. 85, 3348 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Liu, B. and Shaw, M.T.: Electrorheology of filled silicone elastomers. J. Rheol. 45, 641 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Shkel, Y.M. and Klingenberg, D.J.: A continuum approach to electrorheology. J. Rheol. 43, 1307 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Kim, G.H. and Shkel, Y.M.: Sensing shear strains with electrostriction effect in solid electrorheological composites. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Str. 13, 479 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Kim, G.H., Shkel, Y.M., and Rowlands, R.E.: Field-aided micro-tailoring of polymeric nanocomposites, in Smart Structures and Materials. Proc. SPIE, 5051, 442 (2003).Google Scholar
20Filanc-Bowen, T.R., Kim, G.H., and Shkel, Y.M.: Novel sensor technology for shear and normal strain detection with generalized electrostriction, Shear in IEEE International Conference on Sensors, 1648 Orlando, FL (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Filanc-Bowen, T.R., Kim, G.H. and Shkel, Y.M. Shear and normal strain sensing with electroactive polymer composites. in Smart Structures and Materials 2003. Proc. SPIE, 5050 (2003)Google Scholar
22Bowen, C.P., Newnham, R.E. and Randall, C.A.: Dielectric properties of dielectrophoretically assembled particulate-polymer composites. J. Mater. Res. 13, 205 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Prasse, T., Cavaille, J. and Bauhofer, W.: Electric anisotropy of carbon nanofibre/epoxy resin composites due to electric field induced alignment. Comp. Sci. Technol. 63, 1835 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24Norman, D.A. and Robertson, R.E.: Rigid-particle toughening of glassy polymers. Polym. 44, 2351 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Stratton, J.A.: Electromagnetic Theory (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941)Google Scholar
26Jones, T.B.: J. Dielectrophoretic Force Calculation. Electrostatics. 6, 69 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M.: Electrodynamics of Continuous Media (Pergamon, New York, 1984)Google Scholar
28Pohl, H.A.: The Motion and Precipitation of Suspensoids in Divergent Electric Fields. J. Appl. Phys. 22, 869 (1951).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Klingshirn, C., Koizumi, M., Haupert, F., Giertzach, H. and Friedrich, K.: Structure and wear of centrifuged epoxy-resin/carbon fiber functionally graded materials. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 19, 263 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Arp, P.A., Foister, R.T. and Mason, S.G.: Some electrohydrodynamic effects in fluid dispersions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 12, 295 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Happel, J. and Brenner, H.: Low Reynolds Number Hydrodynamics (with special applications to particulate media) (Prentice-Hall, 1965)Google Scholar
32Rankin, P.J., Shkel, Y.M., Klingenberg, D.J. and Shohet, J.L.: Probing aspects of nonlinear conduction in electrorheological suspensions. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B. 15, 965 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33Davis, L.C.: Polarization forces and conductivity effects in electrorheological fluids. J. Appl. Phys. 72, 1334 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Bezryadin, A., Westervelt, R.M. and Tinkham, M.: Evolution of avalanche conducting states in electrorheological liquids. Phys. Rev. E. 59, 6896 (1999).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Levich, V.G.: Physicochemical Hydrodynamics (Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1962).Google Scholar