Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T06:55:31.024Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Eutectoid temperature of carbon steel during laser surface hardening

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

Chin-Cheng Chen ,
Chun-Ju Tao  and
Lih-Tyan Shyu
Chin-Cheng Chen*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
Chun-Ju Tao
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
Lih-Tyan Shyu
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
*
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Get access

Abstract

A new method was developed to determine the eutectoid temperature, Ac1, of carbon steel during laser surface hardening. In the method a three-dimensional heat flow model with temperature-dependent physical properties was set up and solved for the temperature distribution employing a finite element method (FEM). Workpieces were heat-treated to produce a melted and hardened zone by a single pass of a continuous-wave TEM00 CO2 laser beam. The depth profile of the melted zone was used as a calibrator to solve the uncertainty imposed by the unknown surface absorptivity. Obtained was an Ac1 of, on average, 770 °C, a superheat of 47 °C compared to the equilibrium Ac1 of 723 °C. Furthermore, the numerical model was also employed to predict the hardened depth, and the results show that, for a depth of more than 100 μm, the eutectoid temperature 770 °C leads to a depth about 10% smaller than that predicted at 723 °C. The use of the temperature-dependent physical properties is critical; an error up to 80% could result if constant physical properties are used.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , February 1996 , pp. 458 - 468
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Mazumder, J., Metals, J., 18 (May, 1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Locke, E. V. and Hella, R. A., IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-10 (2), 179 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Harth, G. H., Leslie, W. C., Gregson, V. G., and Sanders, B. A., J. Metals 28 (4), 5 (1976).Google Scholar
4.Ohmura, E., Inoue, K., and Takamachi, Y., JSME Int. J., Ser. I 34 (4), 421 (1991).Google Scholar
5.Na, S. J., Lee, S. Y., Lee, K. E., and Kim, T. G., Proc. 3rd Int. Conference on Laser in Manufacturing (IFS Conferences Ltd., Bedford, UK, 1986), p. 383.Google Scholar
6.Sandven, O. A., Proceedings of the materials processing symposium ICALEO 83, Nov. 14–17, 1983, Los Angeles, CA (1983), Vol. 38, p. 208.Google Scholar
7.Bradley, J. R. and Kim, S., Metall. Trans. A 19A, 2013 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Maier, C., Schaaf, P., and Gonser, U., Mater. Sci. Eng. A150, 271 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Cline, H. E. and Anthony, T. R., J. Appl. Phys. 48 (9), 3895 (1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Mazumder, J. and Steen, W. M., J. Appl. Phys. 51 (2), 941 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Schercliff, H. R. and Ashby, M. F., Metall. Trans. A 22A, 2459 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Riabkina-Fishman, M. and Zahavi, J., J. Mater. Res. 3, 1108 (1988).Google Scholar
13.Kou, S., Sun, D. K., and Le, Y. P., Metall. Trans. A 14A, 643 (1983).Google Scholar
14.Ashby, M. F. and Easterling, K. E., Acta Metall. 32 (11), 1935 (1984).Google Scholar
15.Na, S. J. and Yang, Y. S., Surf. Coatings Technol. 34, 319 (1988).Google Scholar
16.Liu, J. L., Key Eng. Mater. 46 & 47, 153 (1990).Google Scholar
17.Yariv, A., Optical Electronics, 3rd ed. (Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985).Google Scholar
18.Chang, U. I., Proc. ASM Conf. on Applications of Laser in Materials Processing, January 24–26, 1983, Los Angeles, CA (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983), p. 218.Google Scholar
19.Stasa, F. L., Applied Finite Element Analysis for Engineers (CBS Publishing, New York, 1985).Google Scholar
20.Metals Handbook, 9th ed. (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1978), Vol. 1, pp. 148–151, 742–759.Google Scholar
21.Hsiao, J. S., Numer. Heat Transfer 8 (6), 653 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Sonti, N. and Ameteau, M. F., Numer. Heat Transfer A 16, 351 (1989).Google Scholar
23.Hilliard, J. E., A symposium on nucleation phenomena sponsored by Ind. Eng. Chem. and Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC (June 1965).Google Scholar
24.Howe, A. A., Ironmaking and Steelmaking 15 (3), 134 (1988).Google Scholar
25.Kasatkin, O. G., Vinokur, B. B., and Pilyushenko, V. L., Mater. Sci. Heat Treatment 26, 27 (1984).Google Scholar