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Effect of indium ion implantation on crystallization kinetics and phase transformation of anodized titania nanotubes using in-situ high-temperature radiation diffraction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2016

Hani Albetran  and
It Meng Low
Hani Albetran
Affiliation:
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; and Department of Basic Sciences, College of Education, University of Dammam, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia
It Meng Low*
Affiliation:
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
*
a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Titania nanotube arrays were synthesized electrochemically by anodization of titanium foils, and the synthesized titania nanotubes were then implanted with indium ions. The effect of In-ions implantation on crystallization and phase transformation of titania was investigated using in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction and synchrotron radiation diffraction from room temperature to 1000 °C. Diffraction results show that crystalline anatase first appeared at 400 °C in both the non-implanted and the In-implanted materials. The temperature at which crystalline rutile temperature appeared was 600 °C for non-implanted materials and 700 °C for In-implanted materials, and the indium implantation inhibited the anatase-to-rutile transformation. Although In3+ is expected to increase oxygen vacancy concentration and then the rate of titania transformation, the observations are consistent with implanted In-ions occupying the Ti sublattice substitutionally and then inhibiting the transformation. The relatively difficult anatase-to-rutile transformation in the In-implanted material appears to result from the relatively large In3+ radius (0.080 nm). The In3+ partly replaces the Ti4+ (0.061 nm), which provides a greater structural rigidity and prevents relaxation in the Ti bonding environment.

Keywords

ion-implantationnanostructurephase transformation
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 31 , Issue 11: Focus Issue: Advanced Materials and Structures for Solar Fuels , 14 June 2016 , pp. 1588 - 1595
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2016 

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