Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T07:41:30.941Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Women business owners’ start-up motivations and network structure

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2016

Jalleh Sharafizad*
Affiliation:
School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia
Alan Coetzer
Affiliation:
School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

This research responds to calls for studies aimed at developing a more nuanced understanding of women small business owners’ networking behaviours and structures. The study examined whether business start-up motivations and phase of the business (prestart-up, start-up and established) influenced women’s networking behaviours and structures. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 28 women. Interview data were used to categorise participants into classic, forced, and work–family owners. Analysis of the interviews found no marked differences in networking behaviours and network structures of participants during prestart-up phase. During start-up and established phases differences began to emerge. Given that classic and forced owners had established their businesses for financial reasons, a diverse network was more relevant for them. However, work–family participants established the business for family/work balance, thus a small network of close ties was sufficient to achieve their business goals. Theoretical, practical and research implications of the findings are outlined.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27, 1740.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012). Counts of Australian Business Operators, 2011 to 2012. (Cat. No. 8175.0). Retrieved on 9th of November 2014 from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Latestproducts/DE3CB5C730822EC6CA257C12000CB23C?opendocument Google Scholar
Bardasi, E., Shwetlena, S., & Terrell, K. (2011). How do female entrepreneurs perform? Evidence from three developing regions. Small Business Economics, 37(4), 417441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, R. A., Hart, M., & Wainwright, T. (2013). Small business performance: business, strategy and owner-manager characteristics. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohner, J., & Seta, N. (2014). Continued international growth of born globals – a network approach. Masters dissertation, Halmstad dissertations, Halmstad University, Halmstad.Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., & Halgin, D. S. (2011). On network theory. Organization Science, 22(5), 11681181.Google Scholar
Brady, D., Isaacs, K., Reeves, M., Burroway, R., & Reynolds, M. (2011). Sector, size, stability, and scandal. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 26(1), 84105.Google Scholar
Brass, D. J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H. R., & Tsai, W. (2004). Taking stock of networks and organizations: a multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 795817.Google Scholar
Breen, J., & Karanasios, S. (2010). Growth and expansion of women-owned home-based business. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(13), 3346.Google Scholar
Burt, R. S. (1997). A note on social capital and network content. Social Networks, 19, 355373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casson, M., & Giusta, M. D. (2007). Entrepreneurship and social capital: analysing the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial activity from a rational action perspective. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 220244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chell, E., & Baines, S. (2000). Networking, entrepreneurship and microbusiness behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(3), 195215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corby, S., & Stanworth, C. (2009). A price worth paying?: Women and work – choice, constraint or satisficing. Equal Opportunities International, 28(2), 162178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, A. J. (Ed.) (2010). Social network theory and educational change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.Google Scholar
Davidson, M. J., Fielden, S. L., & Omar, A. (2010). Black, Asian and minority ethnic female business owners: discrimination and social support. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 16(1), 5880.Google Scholar
Davis, P. J., & Abdiyeva, F. (2012). En route to a typology of the female entrepreneur? Similarities and differences among self-employed women. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 13(4), 121137.Google Scholar
Dawson, C., Fuller-Love, N., Sinnott, E., & O’Gorman, B. (2011). Entrepreneurs’ perception of business networks: does gender matter? Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 12(4), 271281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Hoyos-Ruperto, M., Romaguera, J. M., Carlsson, B., & Perelli, S. (2012). Entrepreneurial environment dilemma in Puerto Rico: a challenge of self and system. Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness, 6(3), 1128.Google Scholar
Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2005). The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, S., Scott, J., & Hussain, J. (2010). Help or hindrance, south Asian women in the family firm. Journal of Family Business Studies, 4(1), 523.Google Scholar
Doug, J. H., & Anderson, C. A. R. (2012). Innovation in small business: comparing face-to-face with virtual networking. Journal of Business Strategy, 33(5), 5158.Google Scholar
Farr-Wharton, R., & Brunetto, Y. (2007). Women entrepreneurs, opportunity recognition and government sponsored networks: a social capital perspective. Women in Management Review, 22(3), 187207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaherty, K., Lam, S. K., Lee, N., Mulki, J. P., & Dixon, A. L. (2012). Social network theory and the sales manager role: engineering the right relationship flows. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 32(1), 2940.Google Scholar
Gamna, M., & Kleiner, B. (2001). The old boys’ network today. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 21(8-9), 101107.Google Scholar
Ghannad, N. (2013). The role of the entrepreneur in the international new venture – opening the black box. PhD, Halmstad University dissertations, No. 3, Halmstad.Google Scholar
Gilmore, A., Carson, D., & O’Donnell, A. (2004). Small business owner-managers and their attitude to risk. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 22(3), 349360.Google Scholar
Grano, R. J. (2013). Exploring how expertise is shared across relationships: a study of central office. Doctoral thesis, University of California, California, SAN DIEGO Administrators and School Principals.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 13601380.Google Scholar
Gremmen, I., Akkerman, A., & Benschop, Y. (2013). Does where you stand depend on how you behave? Networking behavior as an alternative explanation for gender differences in network structure. Journal of Management & Organization, 19, 297313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greve, A., & Salaff, J. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, Theory & Practice, 28(1), 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, S., & Blake, M. (2009). Gender and entrepreneurial networks. Regional Studies, 43(1), 135149.Google Scholar
Harris, L., Rae, A., & Misner, I. (2012). Punching above their weight: the changing role of networking in SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(2), 335351.Google Scholar
Hatala, J. (2006). Social network analysis in human resource development: a new methodology. Human Resource Development Review, 5(1), 4571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatala, J., & Fleming, P. R. (2007). Making transfer climate visible: utilizing social network analysis to facilitate the transfer of training. Human Resource Development Review, 6(1), 3363.Google Scholar
Hilbrecht, M. (2016). Self-employment and experiences of support in a work–family context. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 28(1), 7596.Google Scholar
Hughes, K. D. (2003). Pushed or pulled? Women’s entry into self-employment and small business ownership. Gender, Work and Organization, 10(4), 433454.Google Scholar
Hughes, K. D. (2006). Exploring motivation and success among Canadian women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 19(2), 8394.Google Scholar
Humbert, A., & Drew, E. (2010). Gender, entrepreneurship and motivational factors in an Irish context. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 173196.Google Scholar
Hundley, G. (2000). Male/female earnings differences in self-employment: the effects of marriage, children and the household division of labour. Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 54(1), 95114.Google Scholar
Idris, N. A. H., Salleh, N. H. M., & Endut, W. (2014). Downstream activities at the Felda Land development scheme: analysis on motivational factors of women’s participation in business activities. Asian Social Science, 10(15), 143152.Google Scholar
Jack, S. L. (2010). Approaches to studying networks: implications and outcomes. Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 120137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenssen, J. I., & Greve, A. (2002). Does the degree of redundancy in social networks influence the success of business start-ups? International Journal of Entrepreneurial, Behavior and Research, 8(5), 254267.Google Scholar
Johannisson, B. (1988). Business formation: a network approach. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 49(3/4), 8399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadushin, C. (2012). Understanding social networks: theories, concepts, and findings. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, J. (2009a). Spousal roles on motivations for entrepreneurship: a qualitative study in New Zealand. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 30(4), 372385.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, J. (2009b). Motivational factors in a push-pull theory of entrepreneurship. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(5), 346364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirton, G., & Greene, A. M. (2010). What does diversity management mean for the gender equality project in the United Kingdom? Views and experiences of organizational ‘actors’. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 27(3), 249262.Google Scholar
Klapper, L. F., & Parker, S. C. (2010). Gender and the business environment for new firm creation. The World Bank Research Observer, 121 doi:10.1093/wbro/lkp032.Google Scholar
Klyver, K. (2011). Gender differences in entrepreneurial networks – adding an alter perspective. Gender in Management, 26(5), 332350.Google Scholar
Klyver, K., & Grant, S. (2010). Gender differences in entrepreneurial networking and participation. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 213227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krasniqi, B. A. (2010). Are small firms really credit constrained? Empirical evidence from Kosova. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(4), 459479.Google Scholar
Lee, W. (2015). Social capital as a source of business advantages for a woman entrepreneur in the context of small-size business. Asian Social Science, 11(12), 155167.Google Scholar
Loscocco, K., & Bird, S. R. (2012). Gendered paths: why women lag behind men in small business success. Work and Occupations, 39(2), 183219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAllister, R. R. J., Cheers, B., Darbas, T., Davies, J., Richards, C., Robinson, C. J., Ashley, M., Fernando, D., & Maru, Y. T. (2008). Social networks in arid Australia: a review of concepts and evidence. The Rangeland Journal, 30, 167176.Google Scholar
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis – a sourcebook of new methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Miller, D., Lee, J., Chang, S., & LeBreton-Miller, I. (2009). Filling the institutional void: the social behavior and performance of family vs. non-family technology firms in emerging markets. Journal of International Business Studies, 40, 802817.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, N., Besser, T., & Malshe, A. (2007). Strategic networking among small businesses in small US communities. International Small Business Journal, 25(6), 631665.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. C. (1969). The concept and use of social networks. In J. C. Mitchell (Ed.), Social networks in urban situations (pp. 150). Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, R., & Hunt, S. (1999). Relationship-based competitive advantage: the role of relationship marketing in marketing strategy. Journal of Business Research, 46, 281290.Google Scholar
Murray, P. A., & Syed, J. (2010). Gendered observations and experiences in executive women’s work. Human Resource Management Journal, 20(3), 277293.Google Scholar
Neergaard, H., Shaw, E., & Carter, S. (2005). The impact of gender, social capital and networks on business ownership: a research agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 11(5), 338357.Google Scholar
Nelson, G. W. (1989). Factors of friendship: Relevance of significant others to female business owners. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(4), 718.Google Scholar
Nonino, F. (2013). The network dimensions of intra-organizational social capital. Journal of Management & Organization, 19, 454477.Google Scholar
Papulová, Z., & Mokroš, M. (2007). Importance of managerial skills and knowledge management for small entrepreneurs. Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.Google Scholar
Patton, MQ (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.), Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
Ramadani, V., Gerguri, S., Dana, L. P., & Tasaminova, T. (2013). Women entrepreneurs in the Republic of Macedonia: waiting for directions. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 19(1), 95121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Remenyi, D., Williams, B., Money, A., & Swartz, E. (1998). Doing research in business and management. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Renzulli, L. A., Aldrich, H. E., & Moody, J. (2000). Family matters: gender, networks and entrepreneurial outcomes. Social Forces, 79(2), 523546.Google Scholar
Rouse, J., & Kitching, J. (2006). Do enterprise support programmes leave women holding the baby? Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 24, 519.Google Scholar
Schultz-Jones, B. (2009). Examining information behavior through social networks. Journal of Documentation, 65(4), 592631.Google Scholar
Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Liden, R. C. (2001). A social capital theory of career success. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 219237.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. (2006). Small firm networking: an insight into contents and motivating factors. International Small Business Journal, 24(1), 529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Söderqvist, A. (2011). Opportunity exploration and exploitation in international new ventures – a study of relationships’ involvement in early entrepreneurial and internationalisation events. PhD, Hanken School of Economics, Vaasa, Finland.Google Scholar
Sorenson, R. L., Folker, C. A., & Brigham, K. H. (2008). The collaborative network orientation: achieving business success through collaborative relationships. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 32(4), 615634.Google Scholar
Stevenson, L. (2011). Improving women’s access to non-financial business services. OECD-MENA Women’s Business Forum. Retrieved on 9th of November 2014 from https://www1.oecd.org/mena/48778006.pdf Google Scholar
Surin, E. F., & Wahab, I. A. (2013). The effect of social network on business performance in established manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. IPEDR, 67(12), 5559.Google Scholar
Teten, D., & Allen, S. (2005). The virtual handshake: opening doors and closing deals online. New York: AMACOM.Google Scholar
Tonge, J. (2008). Barriers to networking for women in a UK professional service. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23(7), 484505.Google Scholar
Van Hoye, G., van Hooft, E. A. J., & Lievens, F. (2009). Networking as a job search behaviour: a social network perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 661682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Staveren, I., & Knorringa, P. (2007). Unpacking social capital in economic development: how social relations matter. Review of Social Economy, LXV(1), 107135.Google Scholar
Watson, J. (2012). Networking: gender differences and the association with firm performance. International Small Business Journal, 30(5), 536558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Wilson, N., Wright, M., & Altanlar, A. (2014). The survival of newly-incorporated companies and founding director characteristics. International Small Business Journal, 32(7), 733758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiklund, J., Patzelt, H., & Shepherd, D. (2009). Building an integrative model of small business growth. Small Business Economics, 32, 351374.Google Scholar
Zhao, X., Frese, M., & Giardini, A. (2010). Business owner’s network size and business growth in China: the role of comprehensive social competency. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22(7-8), 675705.Google Scholar