Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T19:34:07.000Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Intersecting work and family: The influence of relational beliefs and behaviors on work–family integration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Denise M Polk*
Affiliation:
Department of Communication Studies, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester PA, USA

Abstract

Strategies to integrate work and family have caught the attention of organizations, institutions, academics and families, and many people are motivated to find ways to blend these two domains. Spillover theory, whose tenets surround the mutual influence of home and work, provides a useful framework for understanding better what contributes to achieving work–family integration. Although much of the existing research focuses on the negative influence of these domains, some evidence exists that they positively influence one another as well. This study uses hierarchical multiple regression to test hypotheses about relational identity on positive and negative work–family spillover and considers perceived spousal support and relational equity as moderators. Results reveal that perceived spousal support predicts positive spillover and that it moderates the relationship between relational identity and negative spillover. Other results are discussed as well as limitations and future directions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acitelli, LK (1996) The neglected links between marital support and marital satisfaction, in Pierce, GR, Sarason, BR and Sarason, IG (Eds) Handbook of social support and the family, pp83104, Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Acitelli, LK (1997) Sampling couples to understand them: Mixing the theoretical with the practical, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 14: 243261.Google Scholar
Acitelli, LK (2002) Relationship awareness: Crossing the bridge between cognition and communication, Communication Theory 12: 92112.Google Scholar
Acitelli, LK and Antonucci, TK (1994) Gender differences in the link between marital support and satisfaction in older couples, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67: 688698.Google Scholar
Acitelli, LK, Rogers, S and Knee, CR (1999) The role of identity in the link between relationship thinking and relationship satisfaction, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 16: 591618.Google Scholar
Adams, JS (1963) Toward an understanding of inequity, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67: 422436.Google Scholar
Albrecht, TL & Adelman, MB (1984) Social support and life stress: New directions for communication research, Human Communication Research 11: 332.Google Scholar
Arbuckle, JL (2003) AMOS (Version 5.0) [Computer software], SmallWaters Corporation, Chicago.Google Scholar
Askham, J (1976) Identity and stability within the marriage relationship, Journal of Marriage and the Family 38: 535547.Google Scholar
Askham, J (1984) Identity and stability in marriage, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.Google Scholar
Australian Confederation of Trades Unions (2000) Stop stress at work: A guide for workers, ACTU—OHS Unit.Google Scholar
Bagger, J, Li, A and Gutek, BA (2008) How much do you value your family and does it matter? The joint effects of family identity salience, family-interference-with-work and gender. Human Relations 61: 187211.Google Scholar
Bailyn, L & Harrington, M (2004) Redesigning work for work–family integration, Community, Work & Family 7: 197208.Google Scholar
Baker, E, Israel, B and Schurman, S (1996) Role of control and support in occupational stress: An integrated model, Social Science and Medicine 43: 11451159.Google Scholar
Barnett, RC & Hyde, JS (2001) Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory, American Psychologist 56: 781796.Google Scholar
Barrera, M Jr (1981) Social support in the adjustment of pregnant adolescents, in Gottlieb, BH (Ed) Social networks and social support, pp6996, Sage, Beverly Hills CA.Google Scholar
Berman, EM, West, JP and Richter, MN (2002) Workplaces relations: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers), Public Administration Review 62: 217230.Google Scholar
Bolger, N, DeLongis, A, Kessler, RC and Wethington, E (1989) The contagion of stress across multiple roles, Journal of Marriage and the Family 51: 175183.Google Scholar
Bolger, N, Zuckerman, A and Kessler, RC (2000) Invisible support and adjustment to stress, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79: 953961.Google Scholar
Botkin, DR, Weeks, O and Morris, JE (2000) Changing marriage role expectations: 1961–1996, Sex Roles 42: 933942.Google Scholar
Brotheridge, CM and Lee, RT (2005) Impact of work–family interference on general well-being: A replication and extension, International Journal of Stress Management 12: 203221.Google Scholar
Browne, MW & Cudeck, R (1993) Single sample cross-validation indices for covariance structures, Multivariate Behavioral Research 24: 445455.Google Scholar
Burke, RJ and Greenglass, ER (1999) Work-family conflict, spouse support and nursing staff well-being during organizational restructuring, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 4: 327336.Google Scholar
Burleson, BR (2003) Emotional support skills, in Greene, JO and Burleson, BR (Eds) Handbook of communication and social interaction skills, pp551594, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah NJ.Google Scholar
Burleson, BR and MacGeorge, EL (2002) Supportive communication, in Knapp, ML and Daly, JA (Eds) Handbook of interpersonal communication, 3rd edn., pp374422, Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.Google Scholar
Campbell-Clark, S (2002) Communicating across the work/home border, Community, Work & Family 5: 2348.Google Scholar
Campbell, D and Stanley, J (1963) Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research, Rand McNally, Chicago.Google Scholar
Canary, DJ and Stafford, L (1992) Relational maintenance strategies and equity in marriage, Communication Monographs 59: 243267.Google Scholar
Caplan, G (1974) Support systems and community mental health, Behavioral Publications, New York.Google Scholar
Carlson, DS and Perrewe, PL (1999) The role of social support in the stressor-strain relationship: An examination of work–family conflict, Journal of Management 25: 513540.Google Scholar
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Work-life balance, London, UK. Retrieved on 2 June 2007 from http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/wrkgtime/wrktmwrklfbal.worklifebGoogle Scholar
Chesley, N (2005) Blurring boundaries? Linking technology use, spillover, individual distress, and family satisfaction, Journal of Marriage and Family 67: 12371248.Google Scholar
Cinamon, RG and Rich, Y (2002) Profiles of attribution of importance to life roles and their implications for the work–family conflict, Journal of Counseling Psychology 49: 212220.Google Scholar
Coverman, S (1989) Role overload, role conflict and stress: Addressing consequences of multiple role demands, Social Forces 67: 965982.Google Scholar
Crossfield, S, Kinman, G and Jones, F (2005) Crossover of occupational stress in dual-career couples: The role of work demands and supports, job commitment and marital communication, Community, Work and Family 8: 211232.Google Scholar
Cunningham, MR and Barbee, AP (2000) Social support, in Hendrick, C and Hendrick, C (Eds) Close relationships: A sourcebook, pp272285, Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.Google Scholar
Cutrona, CE (1996a) Social support as a determinant of marital quality: The interplay of negative and supportive behaviors, in Pierce, GR, Sarason, BR and Sarason, IG (Eds) Handbook of social support and the family, pp173194, Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cutrona, CE (1996b) Social support in couples: Marriage as a resource in times of stress, Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.Google Scholar
Cutrona, CE and Russell, D (1987) The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress, in Jones, WH and Perlman, D (Eds) Advances in personal relationships 1: 3767, JAI Press, Greenwich CT.Google Scholar
Deutsch, M (1975) Equity, equality and need: What determines which value will be used as the basis for distributive justice? Journal of Social Issues 31: 137149.Google Scholar
Dunahoo, CL, Hobfall, SE, Monnier, J, Hulsizer, ML and Johnson, R (1998) There's more than rugged individualism in coping. Part 1: Even the Lone Ranger had Tonto, Anxiety, Stress & Coping 11: 137165.Google Scholar
Duncan, SF and Goddard, HW (1993) Stressors and enhancers in the marital/family life of family professional and their spouses, Family Relations 42: 434441.Google Scholar
Edwards, JR and Rothbard, NP (2000) Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationships between work and family constructs, Academy of Management Review 25: 178199.Google Scholar
Fincham, FD and Bradbury, TN (1990) Social support in marriage: The role of social cognition, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 9: 3142.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, MA (1988) Between husbands and wives: Communication in marriage, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.Google Scholar
Frese, M (1999) Social support as a moderator of the relationship between work stressors and psychological dysfunctioning: A longitudinal study with objective measures, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 4: 179197.Google Scholar
Ganster, DC, Fusilier, MR and Mayes, BT (1986) Role of social support in the experience of stress at work, Journal of Applied Psychology 71: 102110.Google Scholar
Garrido, EF and Acitelli, LK (1999) Relational identity and the division of household labor, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 16: 619637.Google Scholar
Glass, JL and Estes, SB (1997) The family responsive workplace, Annual Review of Sociology, 23: 289313.Google Scholar
Golden, AG (2002) Speaking of work and family: Spousal collaboration on defining role-identities and developing shared meanings, Southern Communication Journal 67: 122141.Google Scholar
Gottman, J (1994) Why marriages succeed or fail: And how you can make yours last. Simon & Schuster, New York.Google Scholar
Greenhaus, JH and Beutell, NJ (1985) Sources and conflict between work and family roles, Academy of Management Review 10: 7688.Google Scholar
Grzywacz, JG and Marks, NF (2000) Reconceptual-izing the work–family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 5: 111126.Google Scholar
Guilford, JP (1956) Fundamental statistics in psychology and education, McGraw Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Hammer, LB, Cullen, JC, Neal, MB, Sinclair, RR and Shafiro, MV (2005) The longitudinal effects of work–family conflict and positive spillover on depressive symptoms among dual-earner couples, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 20: 138154.Google Scholar
Heitzmann, CA and Kaplan, RM (1988) Assessment of methods for measuring social support, Health Psychology 7: 75109.Google Scholar
Hoare, CH (2001) Psychosocial identity development and cultural others, Journal of Counseling & Development 70: 4553.Google Scholar
House, JS (1981) The nature of social support, in House, JS, Work stress and social support, pp1340, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA.Google Scholar
Hoyman, M and Duer, H (2004) A typology of workplace policies, Review of Public Personnel Administration 24: 113132.Google Scholar
Kanter, RM (1977) Work and family in the United States: A critical review and agenda for research and policy, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.Google Scholar
Kenny, DA (1988) The analysis of data from two-person relationships, in Duck, SW (Ed) Handbook of personal relationships, pp5577, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester UK.Google Scholar
Kirchmeyer, C (1992) Perceptions of nonwork-to-work spillover: Challenging the common view of conflict-ridden domain relationships, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 13: 231249.Google Scholar
Kossek, EE, Noe, RA and DeMarr, BJ (1999) Work-family role synthesis: Individual and organizational determinants, The International Journal of Conflict Management 10: 102129.Google Scholar
Knapp, ML, Daly, JA, Albada, KF and Miller, GR (2002) Background and current trends in the study of interpersonal communication, in Knapp, ML and Miller, GL (Eds) Handbook of interpersonal communication (3rd edn) pp320, Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.Google Scholar
Knudson-Martin, C and Mahoney, AR (1998) Language and processes in the construction of equality in new marriages, Family Relations, 47: 8191.Google Scholar
Krouse, SS and Afifi, TD (2007) Family-to-work spillover stress: Coping communicatively in the workplace, Journal of Family Communication 7: 85122.Google Scholar
Larson, JH, Wilson, SM and Beley, R (1994) The impact of job insecurity on marital and family relationships, Family Relations 43: 138143.Google Scholar
Leatham, G and Duck, S (1990) Conversations with friends and the dynamics of social support, in Duck, S (Ed) (with Silver, RC) Personal relationships and social support, pp129, Sage, London.Google Scholar
Lim, VKG (1996) Job insecurity and its outcomes: Moderating effects of work-based and nonwork-based social support, Human Relations 49: 171194.Google Scholar
Lundberg, U and Frankenhaeuser, M (1999) Stress and workload of men and women in highranking positions, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 4: 142151.Google Scholar
MacCullum, RC, Browne, MW and Sugawara, HM (1996) Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling, Psychological Methods 1: 130149.Google Scholar
Management Services (04, 2004) 2 million hours wasted each week, Management Services 48: 33.Google Scholar
Mickelson, KD, Lyons, RF, Sullivan, MJL and Coyne, JC (2001) Yours, mine, ours: The relational context of communal coping, in Sarason, BR and Duck, S (Eds) Personal relationships: Implications for clinical and community psychology, pp181200, John Wiley, Chichester UK.Google Scholar
Mokros, HB (2003) A constitutive approach to identity, In Mokros, HB (Ed) Identity matters: Communication-based explorations and explanations, pp328, Hampton Press, Cresskill NJ.Google Scholar
Murstein, BI, Wadlin, R and Bond, CF Jr (1987) The revised exchange-orientation scale, Small Group Behavior 18: 212223.Google Scholar
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2004) Worker health chartbook 2004 (NIOSH Publication Number 2004–146), NIOSH, Cincinnati OH.Google Scholar
Nichols, MP and Schwartz, RC (1998) Family therapy concepts and methods, Allyn & Bacon, Needham MA.Google Scholar
Nippert-Eng, C (1996) Home and work: Negotiating boundaries through everyday life, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Parasuraman, S, Greenhaus, JH and Granrose, SK (1992) Role stressors, social support and well-being among two-career couples, Journal of Organizational Behavior 13: 339356.Google Scholar
Phillips-Miller, DL, Campbell, NJ and Morrison, CR (2000) Work and family: Satisfaction, stress and spousal support, Journal of Employment Counseling 37: 1630.Google Scholar
Pierce, GR (1994) The quality of relationships inventory: Assessing the interpersonal context of social support, in Burleson, B, Albrecht, T and Sarason, I (Eds) Communication of social support: Messages, interactions, relationships and community, pp247266, Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.Google Scholar
Pollock, AD, Die, AH and Marriott, RG (1990) Relationship of communication style to egalitarian marital role expectations, Journal of Social Psychology 130: 619624.Google Scholar
Poole, MS, McPhee, RD and Canary, DJ (1994) Hypothesis testing and modeling perspectives on inquiry, in Knapp, ML and Miller, GR (Eds) Handbook of interpersonal communication (2nd edn) pp2372, Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.Google Scholar
Rabin, C (1996) Equal spouses – good friends: Empowering couples through therapy, Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Raghuram, S and Wisesenfeld, B (2004) Work-nonwork conflict and job stress among virtual workers, Human Resource Management 43: 259277.Google Scholar
Rapoport, R and Rapoport, RN (1980) Three generations of dual-career family research, in Pepitone-Rockwell, F (Ed) Dual-career couples, pp2348, Sage, Beverly Hills.Google Scholar
Rosenbluth, SC, Steil, JM and Whitcomb, JH (1998) Marital equality: What does it mean? Journal of Family Issues 19: 227244.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, JM, Brennan, EM and Ogilvie, AM (2002) Work-family fit: Voices of parents and children with emotional and behavioral disorders, Social Work 47: 415424.Google Scholar
Sabatelli, RM (1984) The marital comparison level index: A measure for assessing outcomes relative to expectations, Journal of Marriage and the Family 46: 651662.Google Scholar
Sabatelli, RM, Cecil-Pigo, E and Pearce, J (1982, 11) Marital cohesiveness and family life transitions: A social exchange perspective, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council of Family Relations, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Sampson, EE (1975) On justice as equality, Journal of Social Issues 31: 4564.Google Scholar
Sarason, BR, Sarason, IG and Pierce, GR (1990) Traditional views of social support and their impact on assessment, in Sarason, BR, Sarason, IG and Pierce, GR (Eds) Social support: An interactional view, pp. 925, John Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Sears, HA and Galambos, NL (1992) Women's work conditions and marital adjustment in two-earner couples: A structural model, Journal of Marriage and the Family 54: 789797.Google Scholar
Shadur, M, Kienzle, R and Rodwell, JJ (1999) The relationship between organizational climate and employee perceptions of involvement, Group and Organization Management 24: 479504.Google Scholar
Shumaker, PA and Brownell, A (1984) Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps, Journal of Social Issues 40: 1136.Google Scholar
Siebert, DC, Mutran, EJ and Reitzes, DC (1999) Friendship and social support: The importance of role identity to aging adults, Social Work 44: 522533.Google Scholar
Simon, RW (1992) Parental role strains, parental identity: Salience and gender differences in psychological distress, Journal of Health and Social Behavior 33: 2535.Google Scholar
Sirgy, MJ, Efraty, D, Siegel, P and Lee, D (2001) A new measure of quality of work life (QWL) based on need satisfaction and spillover theories, Social Indicators Research 55: 241302.Google Scholar
Smith, A (2000) The scale of perceived occupational stress, Occupational Medicine 50, 294298.Google Scholar
Sprecher, S (2001) Equity and social exchange in dating couples: Association with satisfaction, commitment and stability, Journal of Marriage and Family 63: 599613.Google Scholar
Sprecher, S and Schwartz, P (1994) Equity and balance in the exchange of contributions in close relationships, in Lerner, ML and Mikula, G (Eds) Entitlement and the affectional bond: Justice in close relationships, pp. 1141, Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stephens, MAP, Ranks, MM and Atienza, AA (1997) When two roles intersect: Spillover between parent care and employment, Psychology and Aging 12: 3037.Google Scholar
Story, LB and Repetti, R (2006) Daily occupational stressors and marital behavior, Journal of Family Psychology 20: 690700.Google Scholar
Suchet, M and Darling, J (1986) Employed mothers: Interrole conflict, spouse support and marital functioning, Journal of Occupational Behavior 7: 167178.Google Scholar
Sue, DW, Carter, RT, Casas, JM, Fouad, NA, Ivey, AE, Jensen, M, LaFromboise, T, Manese, JE, Ponterotto, JG and Vazquez-Nutall, E (1998) Multicultural counseling competencies, Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.Google Scholar
Surra, CA and Bartell, DS (2001) Attributions, communication, and the development of a marital identity, in Manusov, V and Harvey, JH (Eds) Attribution, communication behavior, and close relationships, pp93114, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.Google Scholar
Tennant, C (2001) Work-related stress and depressive disorders, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 51: 697704.Google Scholar
Thibaut, JW and Kelley, HH (1959) The social psychology of groups, John Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Thompson, CA and Prottas, DJ (2005) Relationships among organizational family support, job autonomy, perceived control, and employee well-being, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 10: 100118.Google Scholar
Thompson, CA, Beauvais, L and Lyness, KS (1999) When work–family benefits are not enough: The influence of work–family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment and work–family conflict, Journal of Vocational Behavior 54: 392415.Google Scholar
Vaananen, A, Kevin, MV, Ala-Mursula, L, Pentti, J, Kivimaki, M and Vahtera, J (2004) The double burden of and negative spillover between paid and domestic work: Associations with health among men and women, Women & Health 40(3): 117.Google Scholar
Wadsworth, LL and Owens, BP (2007) The effects of social support on work–family enhancement and work–family conflict in the public sector, Public Administration Review 67: 7586.Google Scholar
Walster, E, Walster, GW and Berscheid, E (1978) Equity: Theory and research, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.Google Scholar
Wan, CK, Jaccard, J and Ramey, SL (1996) The relationship between social support and life satisfaction as a function of family structure, Journal of Marriage and the Family 58: 502513.Google Scholar
White, M, Hill, S, McGovern, P, Mills, C and Smeaton, D (2003) ‘High-performance’ management practices, working hours and work-life balance, British Journal of Industrial Relations 41: 175195.Google Scholar
Wilcox, WB and Nock, SL (2006) What's love got to do with it? Equity, commitment and women's marital quality, Social Forces 84: 13211345.Google Scholar