Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T01:33:33.490Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Be well: A systems-based wellness intervention using mindfulness in the workplace – A case study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2017

Kate M Levett*
Affiliation:
School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Sydney, NSWAustralia
Sharyn Coughlan
Affiliation:
Worklife Wellness, Sydney, NSWAustralia
Sharon Longridge
Affiliation:
Worklife Wellness, Sydney, NSWAustralia
Violet Roumeliotis
Affiliation:
Settlement Services International, Sydney, NSWAustralia
Jon Adams
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSWAustralia
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Introduction: Healthy work environments are essential in determining improved well-being of Australians. Job stress has been identified as a significant factor in psychological distress. This study evaluated the effect of introducing a systems-based workplace wellness programme using mindfulness in the workplace. Methods: The programme ‘Be Well’ was introduced as part of a systems-based approach to workplace health promotion, and evaluated using sick leave as a proxy for workplace stress, and the stress satisfaction offset score to determine the degree of change in stress and satisfaction. Results: There was significant reduction in sick leave (2014 vs. 2012) (p<.001), and significant improvement in stress satisfaction offset score (p<.05). Logistic regression analysis identified the programme components most predictive of reduced stress and higher job satisfaction. Conclusion: The impacts of a systems-based mindfulness workplace wellness intervention, show significant improvements in workers’ sick leave and changes to stress and satisfaction scores. This study has implications for sector-wide policy change in the workplace.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This manuscript is an original work and has not been submitted to nor published anywhere else. All the authors have read and approved the paper and have met the criteria for authorship.

References

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2010). Work-related Injuries Survey 2009–10 (Vol. ABS cat.6324.0). Canberra: ABS.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2015). Australian Health Survey: first results, 2014-15 (Vol. ABS cat. no. 4364.0.55.001). Canberra: ABS.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2017). Labour Force, Australia (Vol. March 2017). Canberra: ABS.Google Scholar
Aikens, K. A., Astin, J., Pelletier, K. R., Levanovich, K., Baase, C. M., Park, Y. Y., & Bodnar, C. M. (2014). Mindfulness goes to work impact of an online workplace intervention. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56(7), 721731. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.00209.Google Scholar
Asuero, A. M., Queraltó, J. M., Pujol-Ribera, E., Berenguera, A., Rodriguez-Blanco, T., & Epstein, R. M. (2014). Effectiveness of a mindfulness education program in primary health care professionals: A pragmatic controlled trial. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 34(1), 412. https://doi.org/10.1002/chp.21211.Google Scholar
Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Luthans, F. (2008). Can positive employees help positive organizational change? Impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behaviors. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(1), 4870.Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B. (2009). Building engagement in the workplace. In R. S. Burke, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The peak performing organization (pp. 50--72). London New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bakker, A.B., Albrecht, S.L., & Leiter, M.P. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 428, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352.Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187200.Google Scholar
Baptiste, R. N. (2008). Tightening the link between employee wellbeing at work and performance: A new dimension for HRM. Management Decision, 46(2), 284309.Google Scholar
Barratt-Pugh, L., & Bahn, S. (2015). HR strategy during culture change: Building change agency. Journal of Management & Organization, 21(6), 741754. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.95.Google Scholar
Begg, S. V. T., Barker, B., Stevenson, C., Stanley, L., & Lopez, A. D. (2007). The burden of disease and injury in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.Google Scholar
Beyond Blue (2014). Building a mentally healthy workplace. For organisations and businesses. Retrieved from http://www.beyondblue.org.au/resources/in-the-workplace/for-organisations-and-businesses/building-a-mentally-healthy-workplace.Google Scholar
Blake, H., Zhou, D., & Batt, M. E. (2013). Five-year workplace wellness intervention in the NHS. Perspectives in Public Health, 133(5), 262271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913913489611.Google Scholar
Block‐Lerner, J., Adair, C., Plumb, J. C., Rhatigan, D. L. , D. L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2007). The case for mindfulness‐based approaches in the cultivation of empathy: Does nonjudgmental, present‐moment awareness increase capacity for perspective‐taking and empathic concern? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33(4), 501516.Google Scholar
Bohlmeijer, E., Prenger, R., Taal, E., & Cuijpers, P. (2010). The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(6), 539544.Google Scholar
Bolnick, H., Millard, F., & Dugas, J. P. (2013). Medical care savings from workplace wellness programs. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 55(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31827db98f.Google Scholar
Bradley, K. L. (2013). Workplace wellness programs. Health Affairs, 32(8), 1510.Google Scholar
Bryant, F. B., Chadwick, E. D., & Kluwe, K. (2011). Understanding the processes that regulate positive emotional experience: Unsolved problems and future directions for theory and research on savoring. International Journal of Wellbeing, 1(1), Retrieved from https://internationaljournalofwellbeing.org/ijow/index.php/ijow/article/view/18.Google Scholar
Cameron, K., Mora, C., Leutscher, T., & Calarco, M. (2011). Effects of positive practices on organizational effectiveness. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(3), 266308.Google Scholar
Caulfield, N., Chang, D., Dollard, M. F., & Elshaug, C. (2004). A review of occupational stress interventions in Australia. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(2), 149.Google Scholar
Caverley, N., Cunningham, J. B., & MacGregor, J. N. (2007). Sickness presenteeism, sickness absenteeism, and health following restructuring in a public service organization. Journal of Management Studies, 44(2), 304319.Google Scholar
Cleary, M., Dean, S., Webster, S., Walter, G., Escott, P., & Lopez, V. (2014). Primary health care in the mental health workplace: Insights from the Australian experience. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 35(6), 437443. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2013.855853.Google Scholar
Cohn, M. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). In search of durable positive psychology interventions: Predictors and consequences of long-term positive behavior change. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(5), 355366.Google Scholar
Colley, L. (2006). Managing work-life balance in the Queensland Public Service. In Australian Centre for Research in Employment and Work (ACREW)/Kings College London (KCL) Conference 2006 (pp. 1–18). Monash University.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P. (2015). Mindfulness and yoga for self-regulation: A primer for mental health professionals. New York: Springer Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Crowe, M., Jordan, J., Burrell, B., Jones, V., Gillon, D., & Harris, S. (2016). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for long-term physical conditions: A systematic review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(1), 2132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415607984.Google Scholar
Dane, E., & Brummel, B. J. (2014). Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention. Human Relations, 67(1), 105128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713487753.Google Scholar
de Manincor, M., Bensoussan, A., Smith, C. A., Barr, K., Schweickle, M., Donoghoe, L., Bourchier, S. & Fahey, P. (2016). Individualized yoga for reducing depression and anxiety, and improving well-being: A randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22502.Google Scholar
de Manincor, M., Bensoussan, A., Smith, C. A., Fahey, P., & Bourchier, S. (2015). Establishing key components of yoga interventions for reducing depression and anxiety, and improving well-being: A Delphi method study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0614-7.Google Scholar
DeFrank, R. S., & Cooper, C. L. (1987). Worksite stress management interventions: Their effectiveness and conceptualisation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2(1), 410.Google Scholar
Dickenson, J., Berkman, E. T., Arch, J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). Neural correlates of focused attention during a brief mindfulness induction. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 4047.Google Scholar
Emmons, R. (2003). Acts of gratitude in organizations. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Acts of gratitude in organizations. In Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline (pp. 81–93). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Fergus, T. A., Wheless, N. E., & Wright, L. C. (2014). The attention training technique, self-focused attention, and anxiety: A laboratory-based component study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 61, 150155.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). Positive emotions and upward spirals in organizations. Positive Organizational Scholarship, 163175.Google Scholar
Froeliger, B., Garland, E. L., & McClernon, F. J. (2012). Yoga meditation practitioners exhibit greater gray matter volume and fewer reported cognitive failures: Results of a preliminary voxel-based morphometric analysis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 8.Google Scholar
Goleman, D. (2013). Mindfulness, an antidote for workplace ADD. Retrieved from http://www.danielgoleman.info/mindfulness-an-antidote-for-workplace-add/ Google Scholar
Griva, K., & Joekes, K. (2003). UK teachers under stress: Can we predict wellness on the basis of characteristics of the teaching job? Psychology & Health, 18(4), 457471.Google Scholar
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 3543. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7.Google Scholar
Gupta, J. (2008). Promoting wellness at the workplace. Work and Industry Special Interest Section Quarterly/American Occupational Therapy Association, 22(2), 14.Google Scholar
Hanson, R. (2009). Buddha’s brain: The practical neuroscience of happiness, love, and wisdom. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
Harvey, S., Joyce, S., Tan, L., Johnson, A., Nguyen, H., & Modini, M. (2014). Developing a mentally healthy workplace: A review of the literature. National Mental Health Commission and Mentall Healthy Workplace Alliance.Google Scholar
Hensel, J. M., Ruiz, C., Finney, C., & Dewa, C. S. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for secondary traumatic stress in therapeutic work with trauma victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(2), 8391. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21998.Google Scholar
Heydenfeldt, J., Herkenhoff, L., & Coe, M. (2011). Cultivating mind fitness through mindfulness training: Applied neuroscience. Performance Improvement, 50(10), 2127.Google Scholar
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169183. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555.Google Scholar
IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.Google Scholar
Jazaieri, H., Jinpa, G. T., McGonigal, K., Rosenberg, E. L., Finkelstein, J., Simon-Thomas, E., Cullen, M., Doty, J., Gross, J., & Goldin, P. R. (2013). Enhancing compassion: A randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 11131126.Google Scholar
Jerath, R., Edry, J. W., Barnes, V. A., & Jerath, V. (2006). Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: Neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system. Medical Hypotheses, 67(3), 566571.Google Scholar
Jislin-Goldberg, T., Tanay, G., & Bernstein, A. (2012). Mindfulness and positive affect: Cross-sectional, prospective intervention, and real-time relations. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(5), 349361.Google Scholar
Jorm, A. (2015). Psychiatry has many frontiers. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(7), 585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415591710.Google Scholar
Jose, P. E., Lim, B. T., & Bryant, F. B. (2012). Does savoring increase happiness? A daily diary study. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 176187.Google Scholar
Kalia, M. (2002). Assessing the economic impact of stress – The modern day hidden epidemic. Metabolism, 51(6 Suppl 1), 4953.Google Scholar
Kam, J. (2014). The neurocognitive consequences of the wandering mind: A mechanistic account of sensory-motor decoupling. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.Google Scholar
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M.A., Paquin, K. & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychological Review, 33(6), 763771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005.Google Scholar
Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330(6006), 932932.Google Scholar
Kok, B. E., & Singer, T. (2016). Phenomenological fingerprints of four meditations: Differential state changes in affect, mind-wandering, meta-cognition, and interoception before and after daily practice across 9 months of training. Mindfulness, 8(1), 218231.Google Scholar
Kuykendall, L., Tay, L., & Ng, V. (2015). Leisure engagement and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 364.Google Scholar
LaMontagne, A. D., Keegel, T., & Vallance, D. (2007). Protecting and promoting mental health in the workplace: Developing a systems approach to job stress. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 18(3), 221228.Google Scholar
Lusk, M., & Terrazas, S. (2015). Secondary trauma among caregivers who work with Mexican and central American refugees. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 37(2), 257273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986315578842.Google Scholar
Makrides, L., Smith, S., Allt, J., Farquharson, J., Szpilfogel, C., Curwin, S., Veinot, P., Wang, F. & Edington, D. (2011). The Healthy LifeWorks Project: A pilot study of the economic analysis of a comprehensive workplace wellness program in a Canadian Government Department. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 53(7), 799805. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318222af67.Google Scholar
Martin, A. J. (2005). The role of positive psychology in enhancing satisfaction, motivation, and productivity in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 24(1-2), 113133.Google Scholar
Marwaha, S., Balbuena, L., Winsper, C., & Bowen, R. (2015). Mood instability as a precursor to depressive illness: A prospective and mediational analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(6), 557565. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415579920.Google Scholar
Marzetti, L., Di Lanzo, C., Zappasodi, F., Chella, F., Raffone, A., & Pizzella, V. (2014). Magnetoencephalographic alpha band connectivity reveals differential default mode network interactions during focused attention and open monitoring meditation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 832.Google Scholar
Medibank Private (2005). The health of Australia’s workforce (pp. 112). Sydney, Australia: Medibank Private.Google Scholar
Medibank Private (2008). The cost of workplace stress in Australia (pp. 110). Sydney, Australia: Medibank Private.Google Scholar
Noblet, A. (2003). Building health promoting work settings: Identifying the relationship between work characteristics and occupational stress in Australia. Health Promotion International, 18(4), 351359.Google Scholar
Noblet, A., Graffam, J., & McWilliams, J. (2008). Sources of well-being and commitment of staff in the Australian Disability Employment Services. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16(2), 137146.Google Scholar
Noblet, A., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2006). The role of workplace health promotion in addressing job stress. Health Promotion International, 21(4), 346353.Google Scholar
Noblet, A., Rodwell, J., & McWilliams, J. (2001). The job strain model is enough for managers: No augmentation needed. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(7/8), 635649.Google Scholar
O’Connell, D. J., McNeely, E., & Hall, D. T. (2008). Unpacking personal adaptability at work. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14(3), 248259.Google Scholar
O’Connor, L. E., Rangan, R. K., Berry, J. W., Stiver, D. J., Rick, H., Ark, W., & Li, T. (2015). Empathy, compassionate altruism and psychological well-being in contemplative practitioners across five traditions. Psychology, 6(8), 989.Google Scholar
Pricewaterhouse Coopers (2010). Workplace Wellness in Australia; Medibank Health Solutions. Sydney, Australia: Pricewaterhouse Coopers.Google Scholar
Rettie, R. (2003). Connectedness, awareness and social presence. Kingston University, Kingston, United Kingdom Retrieved from http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/2106/1/Rettie.pdf Google Scholar
Safe Work Australia (2013). The incidence of accepted workers’ compensation claims for mental stress in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Safe Work Australia.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and measuring work engagement: Bringing clarity to the concept. In A. B. Bakker, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 10–24) Psychology Press. Taylor & Grancis Group. Hove and New York.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 7192.Google Scholar
Shain, M. (1999). Stress and satisfaction. Occupational Health and Safety Canada, 15(3), 3847.Google Scholar
Shain, M. (2004). The Stress Satisfaction Offset Score (SSOS) and, The Stress Satisfaction and Fairness Survey (SS&SF) Technical notes. Hamilton, Canada: Health Canada.Google Scholar
Shain, M., & Suurvali, H. (2001). Investing in comprehensive workplace health promotion. Toronto, ON: National Quality Institute.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Bonner, G. (1998). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(6), 581599.Google Scholar
Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 7382.Google Scholar
Smith, J. L., & Hollinger-Smith, L. (2015). Savoring, resilience, and psychological well-being in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 19(3), 192200.Google Scholar
SSI (2012). Communique from the Interim CEO to all staff, Settlement Services International.Google Scholar
SSI (2014-15). SSI Annual Report: Settlement Services International, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Stansfeld, S., & Candy, B. (2006). Psychosocial work environment and mental health – A meta-analytic review. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32(6), 443462.Google Scholar
Tay, L., & Kuykendall, L. (2013). Promoting happiness: The malleability of individual and societal subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 159176.Google Scholar
Torp, S., Grimsmo, A., Hagen, S., Duran, A., & Gudbergsson, S. B. (2013). Work engagement: A practical measure for workplace health promotion? Health Promotion International, 28(3), 387396. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/das022.Google Scholar
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2007). Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(3), 311333.Google Scholar
Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 296.Google Scholar
Victoria WorkSafe (2010). Healthy workplace kit. VIC: Victoria WorkSafe, Melbourne, Australia.Google Scholar
Waters, L. (2012). Predicting job satisfaction: Contributions of individual gratitude and institutionalized gratitude. Psychology, 3(12A special issue), 1174.Google Scholar
Zylowska, L., Smalley, S., & Schwartz, J. (2009). Mindful awareness and ADHD. In Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 319–338). Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Levett supplementary material

Levett supplementary material

Download Levett supplementary material(File)
File 13.3 KB