Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T15:23:34.749Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Job security matters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between job security and work attitudes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2019

Hyunkang Hur Open the ORCID record for Hyunkang Hur [Opens in a new window]
Hyunkang Hur*
Affiliation:
Department of Public Administration and Health Management, School of Business, Indiana University Kokomo, 2300 S Washington Street, Kokomo, IN, USA
*
Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article synthesizes public and private sector accumulated research regarding the relationship between job security and employee work attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational commitment). The present meta-analysis of 37 studies (including 45 independent samples) shows that the medium-sized associations between job security and each work attitude variables (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational commitment) were found, with true score correlations (ρ) of .327 for job satisfaction, and .253 for organizational commitment. These results highlight the significance of job security at the workplace, in shaping and enhancing attitudes of employee and job security is worth retaining in some form in the public sector, contrary to the logic of at-will employment. This meta-analysis findings also call attention to several important considerations for developing effective public job security policy.

Keywords

job securityjob insecuritywork attitudesjob satisfactionorganizational commitmentmeta-analysis
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Management & Organization , Volume 28 , Issue 5 , September 2022 , pp. 925 - 955
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References marked with an asterisk* indicate studies included in the meta-analysis. *Abdullah, A., & Ramay, I. (2012). Antecedents of organizational commitment of banking sector employees in Pakistan. Serbian Journal of Management, 7, 89–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Adebayo, D. O. (2006). The moderating effect of self-efficacy on job insecurity and organizational commitment among Nigerian public servants. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 16, 35–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Alarco, B., De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2012). The relationship between job insecurity and well-being among Peruvian workers. Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 14, 43–52. Retrieved from http://www.rjap.psihologietm.ro/Download/rjap141_2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management, 1, 61–89.Google Scholar
*Amarantidou, S., Mantis, K., & Koustelios, A. (2009). Relation between job security and job satisfaction among PE teachers in Greece. International Journal of Physical Education, 46, 20–23.Google Scholar
*Andaleeb, S. S. (1996). Explaining the commitment of family planning fieldworkers in Bangladesh. International Family Planning Perspectives, 22, 10–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, W., Bennett, W., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2001). Conducting meta-analysis using SAS. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aryee, S., Budhwar, P. S., & Chen, Z. X. (2002). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: Test of a social exchange model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 267–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashford, S. J., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 803–829.Google Scholar
Ashikali, T., & Groeneveld, S. (2015). Diversity management for All? An empirical analysis of diversity management outcomes across groups. Personnel Review, 44, 757–780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, N. J. (1987). Public versus private: Not that different, Not that consequential. Public Personnel Management, 16, 181–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Banerjee, M., Tolbert, P. S., & DiCiccio, T. (2012). Friend or Foe? The effects of contingent employees on standard employees’ work attitudes. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 2180–2204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentein, K., Vandenberghe, C., Vandenberg, R., & Stinglhamber, F. (2005). The role of change in the relationship between commitment and turnover: A latent growth modeling approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 468–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Bernhard-Oettel, C., De Cuyper, N., Schreurs, B., & De Witte, H. (2011). Linking job insecurity to well-being and organizational attitudes in Belgian workers: The role of security expectations and fairness. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 1866–1886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Blau, G. J., & Boal, K. R. (1997). Conceptualizing how job involvement and organizational commitment affect turnover and absenteeism. Academy of Management Review, 12, 288–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothestein, H. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockner, J, Grover, S., Reed, T. F., & Dewitt, R. L. (1992). Layoffs, job insecurity, and survivors’ work effort: Evidence of an inverted-U relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 413–425.Google Scholar
Brockwell, S. E., & Gordon, I. R.. (2001). A comparison of statistical methods for meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 20, 825–840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Buitendach, J., & De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity, extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment of maintenance workers in a parastatal. South African Journal of Business Management, 36, 27–37. Retrieved from https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=20&sid=29a2134a-7a93-4df5-bf33-4e98a439ba64%40sessionmgr104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Burke, R. J. (1998). Job insecurity in recent business school graduates: Antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Stress Management, 5, 113–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byron, K., Khazanchi, S., & Nazarian, D. (2010). The relationship between stressors and creativity: A meta-analysis examining competing theoretical models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 210–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, A. K. (1978). Civil service reform: A new commitment. Public Administration Review, 38, 99–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Cassar, V. (2001). Violating psychological contract terms amongst Maltese public service employees: occurrence and relationships. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16, 194–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Cavanaugh, M. A., & Noe, R. A. (1999). Antecedents and consequences of relational components of the new psychological contract. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 323–340.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Chirumbolo, A., & Hellgren, J. (2003). Individual and organizational consequences of job insecurity: A European study. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24, 217–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, A. (1993). Age and tenure in relation to organizational commitment: A meta-analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 14, 143–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, A. (2003). Multiple commitments in the workplace. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (1992). A power premier. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (1998). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Colquitt, J. A., Baer, M. D., Long, D. M., & Halvorsen-Ganepola, M. D. (2014). Scale indicators of social exchange relationships: A comparison of relative content validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99, 599–618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connelly, C. E., & Gallagher, D. G. (2004). Emerging trends in contingent work research. Journal of Management, 30, 959–983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, N., & Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M. (2012). The reciprocal relationship between psychological contract fulfilment and employee performance and the moderating role of perceived organizational support and tenure. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 277–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need Non-fulfilment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crewson, P. E. (1997). Public service motivation: Building empirical evidence of incidence and effect. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7, 499–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, J. (2018). Trump's plan to use VA firing practices at other agencies threatens civil service workers- and the public. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com.Google Scholar
*Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J., & Scheck, C. L. (1997). A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 323–349.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2006). The impact of job insecurity and contract type on attitudes, well-being and behavioural reports: A psychological contract perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79, 395–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2007). Job insecurity in temporary versus permanent workers: Associations with attitudes, well-being, and behaviour. Work & Stress, 21, 65–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Cuyper, N., Piccoli, B., Fontinha, R., & De Witte, H. (2018). Job insecurity, employability and satisfaction among temporary and permanent employees in post-crisis Europe. Economic and Industrial Democracy, ISSN 1461-7099 (In Press).Google Scholar
De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 155–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberhardt, B. J., & Shani, A. (1984). The effects of full-time versus part-time employment Status on attitudes toward specific organizational characteristics and overall job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 893–900.Google ScholarPubMed
Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 51–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Feather, N. T., & Rauter, K. A. (2004). Organizational citizenship behaviours in relation to job status, job insecurity, organizational commitment and identification, job satisfaction and work values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 81–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenton-O'Creevy, M. (1995). Moderators of differences in job satisfaction between full-time and part-time female employees: A research note. Human Resource Management Journal, 5, 75–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fields, M. W., & Thacker, J. W. (1991). Union influence on internal organizational decision: An empirical analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 747–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finegold, D., Mohrman, S., & Spreitzer, G. M. (2002). Age effects on the predictors of technical workers' commitment and willingness to turnover. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 655–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabris, G. T., & Simo, G. (1995). Public sector motivation as an independent Variable affecting career decisions. Public Personnel Management, 24, 33–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gong, Y., Law, K. S., Chang, S., & Xin, K. R. (2009). Human resources management and firm performance: The differential role of managerial affective and continuance commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 263–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gould-Williams, J. (2007). HR practices, organizational climate and employee outcomes: Evaluating social exchange relationships in local government. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 1627–1647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould-Williams, J., & Davies, F. (2005). Using social exchange theory to predict the effects of HRM practice on employee outcomes: An analysis of public sector workers. Public Management Review, 7, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J., & Baron, A. B. (2003). Behavior in organizations (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenbtatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9, 438–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderate tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, D. T., & Gordon, F. E. (1973). Career choices of married women: Effects on conflict, role behavior, and satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 58, 42–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardy, R. J., & Thompson, S. G.. (1998). Detecting and describing heterogeneity in meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 17, 841–856.3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hastings, T., & Heyes, J. (2018). Farewell to flexicurity? Austerity and labour policies in the European Union. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 39, 458–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hass, D. F., & Deseran, F. A. (1981). Trust and symbolic exchange. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyes, J., & Hastings, T. (2016). Where Now for Flexicurity? Comparing Post-Crisis Labour Market Policy Changes in the European Union. SPERI Global Political Economy Brief No. 3.Google Scholar
Hijal-Moghrabi, I., Sabharwal, M., & Berman, E. M. (2017). The importance of ethical environment to organizational performance in employment at will states. Administration & Society, 49, 1346–1374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G, Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 327, 557–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hom, P. W., Griffeth, R. W., & Carson, P. P. (1995). Turnover of personnel. In Rabin, J., Vocino, T., Hildreth, W. B. & Miller, G. J. (Eds.), Handbook of public personnel administration (pp. 531–582). New York: M. Dekker.Google Scholar
Houston, D. J. (2000). Public service motivation: A multivariate test. Journal of Public and Research Theory, 10, 713–728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huedo-Medina, T, Sanchez-Meca, J, Marin-Martinez, F., & Botella, J. (2006). Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index? CHIP Documents, 19, 1–36. http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/chip_docs/19.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1990). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Iverson, R. D. (1996). Employee acceptance of organizational change: The role of organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 7, 122–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackofsky, E. F., & Peters, L. H. (1987). Part-time versus full-time employment status differences: A replication and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 8, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J. P., & Boles, J. S. (2011). Workplace stressors, job attitude and job behaviors: Is interpersonal conflict the missing link? Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 31, 339–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Jeon, J. (2009). The impact of two aspects of job security on trust in top management and organizational commitment of employees. Journal of Agricultural Education and Human Resource Development, 41, 219–239 (In Korean).Google Scholar
Jurkiewicz, C. L., Torn, K. M. Jr., & Roger, G. B. (1998). Motivation in public and private organizations: A comparison study. Public Productivity and Management Review, 21, 239–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Keil, J. M., Armstrong-Stassen, M. C., Sheila, J., & Horsburgh, M. E. (2000). Part-time nurses: The effect of work status congruency on job attitudes. Applied Psychology, 49, 227–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellough, J. E., & Nigro, L. G. (2006). Dramatic reform in the public service: At-will employment and the creation of a new public workforce. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 16, 447–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettl, D. D. (2015). Water flowing uphill: National implications of state civil service movements. Public Administration Review, 75, 190–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, A. Y. C., & Bond, M. H. (1985). Confucian paradigm of man: A sociological view. In: Tseng, W. S., & Wu, D. Y. H. (Eds.), Chinese culture and mental health (pp. 29–45). Orlando, FK: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klandermans, B., Hesselink, J. K., & Vuuren, T. V. (2010). Employment status and job insecurity: On the subjective appraisal of an objective status. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31, 557–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*König, C., Probst, T. M., Staffen, S., & Grasco, M. (2011). A Swiss-US comparison of the correlates of job insecurity. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60, 141–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kontopantelis, E., & Reeves, D. (2010). Metaan: Random-effects meta-analysis. The Stata Journal, 10, 395–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kooij, D. T. A. M., Jansen, P. G. W., Dikkers, J. S. E., & Lange, A. H. D. E. (2010). The influence of age on the associations between HR practices and both affective commitment and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 1111–1136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Koustelios, A., Kouli, O., & Theodorakis, N. D. (2003). Job security and job satisfaction among Greek fitness instructors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97, 192–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraimer, M. K., Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2005). The role of job security in understanding the relationship between employees’ perceptions of temporary workers and employees’ performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 389–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krausez, M., Brandwoin, T., & Fox, S. (1995). Work attitudes and emotional responses of permanent, voluntary, and involuntary temporary-help employees: An exploratory study. In Freese, M. (Ed.), Applied psychology: An international review (Vol. 44, pp. 217–232). London: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kuhnert, K. W., & Vance, R. J. (1992). Job insecurity and moderators of the relation between job insecurity and employee adjustment. In Quick, J. C., Murphy, L. R., & Hurrell, J. J. Jr., (Eds.), Stress and well being at work: Assessments and interventions for occupational mental health (pp. 48–63). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, H., Oh, I. S., Shaffer, J., & Schmidt, F. (2007). Implications of methodological advances for the practice of personnel selection: How practitioners benefit from meta-analysis. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21, 6–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, T. W., & Johson, D. R. (1991). The effects of work schedule and employment Status on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of full versus part time employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38, 208–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Liou, K. T. (1998). Employee turnover intention and professional orientation: A study of detention workers. Public Administration Quarterly, 22, 161–175.Google Scholar
Löckenhoff, C. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2004). Socioemotional selectivity theory, aging, and health: The increasingly delicate balance between regulating emotions and making tough choices. Journal of Personality, 72, 1395–1424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Lord, A., & Hartley, J. (1998). Organizational commitment and job insecurity in a changing public service organization. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 7, 341–354.Google Scholar
Lu, C. Q., Du, D. Y., Xu, X. M., & Zhang, R. F. (2017). Revisiting the relationship between job demands and job performance: The effects of job security and traditionality. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 98, 28–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Major, D. A., Morganson, V. J., & Bolen, H. M. (2013). Predictors of occupational and organizational commitment in information technology: Exploring gender differences and similarities. Journal of Business and Psychology, 28, 301–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, T., & Hafer, J. (1995). The multiplicative interaction effects of job involvement and organizational commitment on the turnover intention of full-and part-time employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 46, 310–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlated and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthijs Bal, P., De Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G. W., & Van Der Velde, M. E. G. (2008). Psychological contract breach and job attitudes: A meta-analysis of age as a moderator. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 143–158.Google Scholar
McClean, E., & Collins, C. J. (2011). High-commitment HR practices, employee effort, and firm performance: Investigating the effects of HR practices across employee groups within professional services firms. Human Resource Management, 50, 341–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, D., & Makin, P. J. (2000). The psychological contract, organizational commitment and job satisfaction of temporary staff. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 21, 84–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, P. J., & Allen, J. N. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michel, J. S., & Bowling, N. A. (2013). Does dispositional aggression feed the narcissistic response? The role of narcissism and aggression in the prediction of job attitudes and counterproductive work behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 28, 93–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, H. E., & Terborg, J. R. (1979). Job attitudes of part-time and full-time employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 380–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittlbock, M., & Heinzl, H. (2006). A simulation study comparing properties of heterogeneity measures in meta-analyses. Statistics in Medicine, 25, 4321–4333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrow, P. C., McElroy, J. C., & Elliot, S. M. (1994). The effect of preference for work status, schedule, and shift on work-related attitude. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 202–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowday, T. R., Porter, W. L., & Steers, M. R. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mowday, T. R., Steers, R. M., & Porter, W. L. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishii, L. H., & Mayer, D. M. (2009). Do inclusive leaders help to reduce turnover in diverse groups? The moderating role of leader-member exchange in the diversity to turnover relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1412–1426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 392–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Noble, C. H. (2008). The influence of job security on field sales manager satisfaction exploring frontline tensions. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 28, 247–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 492–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, J. L. (1998). Job insecurity is important, but not for the reasons you might think: The example of contingent workers. In Cooper, C. L. & Rousseau, D. M. (Eds.), Trends in organizational behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 31–46). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Perry, J. L., Hondeghem, A., & Wise, L. R. (2010). Revisiting the motivational bases of public service: Twenty years of research and an agenda for the future. Public Administration Review, 70, 681–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Preuss, G. A., & Lautsch, B. A. (2002). The effect of formal versus informal job security on employee involvement programs. Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 57, 517–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Probst, T. M. (2000). Wedded to the job: Moderating effects of job involvement on the consequences of job insecurity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 63–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rainey, H. G. (1982). Reward preferences among public and private managers: In search of the service ethic. American Review of Public Administration, 16, 288–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Reinardy, S. (2012). Job security, satisfaction influence work commitment. Newspaper Research Journal, 33, 54–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Reisel, W. D., Probst, T. M., Chia, S.-L., Maloles, C. M., & König, C. J. (2010). The effects of job insecurity on job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, deviant behavior, and negative emotions of employees. International Studies of Management & Organization, 40, 74–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, K. H., Glick, W. H., & Rothchford, N. L. (1982). A frame of reference approach to investigating part-and full-time workers across culture. International Review of Applied Psychology, 31, 327–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romzek, B. S. (1985). The effects of public service recognition, job security and staff reductions on organizational involvement. Public Administration Review, 45, 282–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romzek, B. S. (1990). Employee investment and commitment: The ties that bind. Public Administration Review, 50, 374–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenblatt, Z., Talmud, I., & Ruvio, A. (1999). A gender-based framework of the experience of job insecurity and its effects on work attitudes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 197–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sage, A., & Koslowsky, M. (1993). Detecting moderators with meta-analysis: An evaluation and comparison of techniques. Personnel Psychology, 46, 629–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savas, E. S., & Ginsburg, S. G. (1973). The civil service: A meritless system. The Public Interest, 32, 70–85. Retrieved from https://www.nationalaffairs.com/public_interest/detail/the-civil-service-a-meritless-system.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B. (2016). Job insecurity research is still alive and kicking twenty years later: A commentary. Australian Psychologist, 51, 32–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, F. L., Hunter, J. E., Outerbridge, A. N., & Goff, S. (1988). The joint relation of experience and ability with job performance: A test of three hypotheses. Journal of Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 46–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology, 48, 23–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwinger, M., Wirthwein, L., Lemmer, G., & Steinmayr, R. (2014). Academic self-handicapping and achievement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106, 744–761.Google Scholar
*Silla, I., Gracia, F. J., Mañas, M. A., & Peiró, J. M. (2010). Job insecurity and employees’ attitudes: The moderating role of fairness. International Journal of Manpower, 31, 449–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, R. R., Martin, J. E., & Michel, R. P. (1999). Full-time and part-time subgroup differences in job attitudes and demographic characteristics. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, 337–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solinger, O. N., van Olffen, W., & Roe, R. A. (2008). Beyond the three-component model of organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 70–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Sora, B., Caballer, A., & Peiró, J. M. (2010). The consequences of job insecurity for employees: The moderator role of job dependence. International Labour Review, 149, 59–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Sora, B., Caballer, A., & Peiró, J. M., & De Witte, H. (2009). Job insecurity climate's influence on employees’ job attitudes: Evidence from two European Countries. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18, 125–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Naswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and Its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 242–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taft, C. T., Watkins, L. E., Stafford, J., Street, A. E., & Monson, C. M. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder and intimate relationship problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 22–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tansky, J., Gallagher, D., & Wetzel, K. W. (1995). The changing nature of the employment contract: the impact of part-time workers on the health care industry. Paper presented to the 55th Annual Academy of Management Conference, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Van de Voorde, K., Paauwe, J., & Van Veldhoven, M. (2012). Employee well-being and the HRM-organizational performance relationship: A review of quantitative studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 14, 391–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Van Eetveldt, M., Van de Ven, N., Van den Tooren, M., & Versteeg, R. C. (2013). The importance of career insecurity for turnover intentions in the Dutch military. Military Psychology, 25, 489–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (1998). Organizational citizenship behavior of contingent workers in Singapore. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 692–763.Google Scholar
Van Riper, P. P. (1958). History of the United States civil service. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
*Vinokur-Kaplan, D., Jayaratne, S., & Chess, W. A. (1994). Job satisfaction and retention of social workers in public agencies, non-profit agencies, and private practice: The impact of workplace conditions and motivators. Administration in Social Work, 18, 93–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82–111.Google Scholar
Wetzel, K., Soloshy, D. E., & Gallagher, D. G. (1990). The work attitudes of full-time and part-time registered nurses. Health Care Management Review, 15, 79–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitener, E. M. (1990). Confusion of confidence intervals and credibility intervals in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 315–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittmer, D. (1991). Serving the people or serving for pay: Reward preferences among government, hybrid sector, and business managers. Public Productivity and Management Review, 14, 369–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (2002). The moderating effect of tenure on the relation between job performance and commitment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 1183–1190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Yousef, D. A. (1998). Satisfaction with job security as a predictor of organizational commitment and job performance in a multicultural environment. International Journal of Manpower, 19, 184–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Zeytinoglu, I., Yılmaz, G., Keser, A., Inelmen, K., Uygur, D., & Özsoy, A. (2013). Job satisfaction, flexible employment and job security among turkish service sector workers. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 34, 123–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar