Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T19:19:44.291Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Relevance of a Maqasid Approach for Political Islam Post Arab Revolutions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2015

Halim Rane
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The role of Islam in the politics of Muslim-majority countries has attracted a plethora of scholarly research over the past two decades that generally refers to this phenomenon as political Islam. Much of the focus of this body of literature is concerned with the reconciliation of Islam and democracy. In recent years, the leading scholarship in this field has attempted to anticipate the future of political Islam and the prospect of post-Islamism. Asef Bayet's work on post-Islamists examines various social movements in the Middle East, arguing that Muslims have made Islam democratic by how they have defined Islam in respect to their particular socio-political contexts. However, others have expressed pessimism about the extent to which domestic conditions in Muslim-majority countries and external geopolitical factors will allow the development of an Islamic democracy. Abdelwahab El-Affendi, for instance, sees four main options for Islamists: full revolutionary takeover of their respective countries; completely withdrawing from political office to become Islamic interest or pressure groups; building broader coalitions while maintaining their ideology; or radically restructuring in order to emulate the model of Turkey's Justice and Development Party (AKP). What is missing in this discussion is attention to the capacity of Islamic political parties to draw on Islamic tradition and evolve in response to modernity through a focus on Islam's higher objectives or a maqasid approach.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Law and Religion , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , January 2013 , pp. 489 - 520
Copyright
Copyright © Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Political Islam: A Critical Reader (Routledge 2011)Google Scholar.

2. Esposito, John L. & Voll, John Obert, Islam and Democracy (Oxford Univ. Press 1996)Google Scholar.

3. Fuller, Graham E., The Future of Political Islam (Palgrave Macmillan 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4. Bayat, Asef, Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Postislamist Turn (Stan. Univ. Press 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5. Id. at 5.

6. El-Affendi, Abdelwahab, The Islamism Debate Revisited: In Search of Islamist Democrats, in Michelle Pace, Europe, The USA and Political Islam (Palgrave Macmillan 2011)Google Scholar.

7. Id. at 7.

8. Rane, Halim, The Impact of Maqasid Al-Shariah on Islamist Political Thought: Implications for Islam-West Relations, 2 Islam & Civilisational Renewal 337 (2011) [hereinafter Implications]Google Scholar.

9. Rane, Halim, Islam and Contemporary Civilisation: Evolving Ideas, Transforming Relations (Melbourne Univ. Press 2010) [hereinafter Evolving Ideas]Google Scholar.

10. Kurzman, Charles & Naqvi, Ijlal, Do Muslims Vote Islamic?, 21 J. Democracy Apr. 2010 50, 50–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11. Shariah literally means a “path to a watering place” and in the context of Islam refers to a path toward the religion. Based primarily on the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad, shariah broadly refers to the teachings, guidelines and rulings that direct a Muslim's life in terms of his/her worship of God and relations with other human beings. In modem times, shariah has come to be regarded by many Muslims as a legal code and the implementation of which is thought to be fundamental to establishing an Islamic society or state. For a more detailed definition of shariah and the issue of it representing a legal code, See Kamali, Mohammad Hashtm, An Introduction to Shariah 1–7 (Ilmiah 2006)Google Scholar.

12. Rane, Evolving Ideas, supra note 9, at 140-42.

13. Id. at 139-43.

14. Interviews with senior members of the AKP in Istanbul, Turkey (Feb. 2010).

15. Rane, Evolving Ideas, supra note 9, at 114, 2.

16. Id. at 114, 3.

17. Kelly, Sanja, Hard-Won Progress and the Long Road Ahead: Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa, in Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress AMID Resistance (chapter excerpt available at http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/270.pdf (Freedom House 2010))Google Scholar.

18. Masud, Muhammed Khalid, Shatibi's Philosophy of Islamic Law 86 (Islamic Book Trust 1995)Google Scholar.

19. Id.

20. Rang, Evolving Ideas, supra note 9, at 47-48.

21. Raysuni, Ahmad, Imam al-Shatibi's Theory of The Higher Objectives and Intents of Islamic Law 38–45 (Int'l Inst. Islamic Thought 2005)Google Scholar.

22. Kamali, supra note 11, at 117.

23. Masud, supra note 18 at Shatibi's Philosophy of Islamic Law, 108-10.

24. Kamali, supra note 11, at 116-18.

25. Id. at 118.

26. Masud, supra note 18, at 127-28.

27. Id.

28. AbuSulayman, AbdulHamid A., Towards an Islamic Theory of International Relations: New Directions for Methodology and Thought 77 (Int'l Inst. Islamic Thought 1993)Google Scholar.

29. Id. at 75.

30. Ashur, Muhammad al-Tahir Ibn, Treatise on Maqasid al-Shariah (Int'l Inst. Islamic Thought 2006)Google Scholar.

31. Id. at 142-60, 233-63.

32. Masud, supra note 18.

33. Raysuni, supra note 21.

34. Attia, Gamal Eldin, Towards Realization of the Higher Intents of Islamic Law (Int'l Inst. Islamic Thought 2007)Google Scholar.

35. Auda, Jasser, Maqasid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach (Int'l Inst. Islamic Thought 2008)Google Scholar.

36. See Kamali, supra note 11; Ramadan, Tariq, Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation (Oxford Univ. Press 2008)Google Scholar; Baderin, Mashood, International Human Rights and Islamic Law (Oxford Univ. Press, 2005)Google Scholar; Rane, Halim, Reconstructing Jihad amid Competing International Norms (Palgrae Macmillan 2009) [hereinafter Rane, Reconstructing]Google Scholar; Rane, Evolving Ideas, supra note 9.

37. Kamali, supra note 11, at 119.

38. See, e.g., Kamali, supra note 11; Ramadan, supra note 36; and Rane, Reconstructing, supra note 36.

39. Kamali, supra note 11, at 115.

40. See Rane, Reconstructing, supra note 36, at 159-201; Rane, Evolving Ideas, supra note 9, at 75-99.

41. Kamali, supra note 11, at 128-30.

42. Rane, Evolving Ideas, supra note 9, at 75-99.

43. Juergensmeyer, Mark, Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to Al Qaeda 10 (Univ. Cal. Press 2009)Google Scholar.

44. Kull, Stevenet al., Public Opinion in the Islamic World on Terrorism, al Qaeda, and U.S. Policies, available at www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/feb09/STARTH_Feb09_rpt.pdf (02 25, 2009)Google Scholar.

45. Kurzman & Naqvi, supra note 10, at 51.

46. Id.

47. Ibrahim, Anwar, Universal Values and Muslim Democracy, 17 J. Democracy 7 (07 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

48. Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR), “Basic Goals and Political Struggle,” available at http://www.keadilanrakyat.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Belanjawan-Pakatan-Rakyat-2013-vAkhir.pdf.

49. Ryan, Yasmine, Ennahdha claims victory in Tunisian poll, Aljazeera, 10 26, 2011, available at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/10/2011102421511587304.htmlGoogle Scholar.

50. Al-Jazeera, , “Islamists sweep early results in Egypt vote,” http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/12/201112320622436522.html (12 5, 2011)Google Scholar.

51. See, e.g., Torelli, Stefano Maria, The AKP Model and Tunisia's al-Nuhda: From Convergence to Competition?, 14 Insight Turkey Summer 2012, at 65, 77Google Scholar; Hamad, Mahmoud, The Constitutional Challenges in Post-Mubarak Egypt, 14 Insight Turkey Winter 2012 51, 59Google Scholar.

52. Ahmad, Irfan, Genealogy of the Islamic State: Reflections on Maududi's Political Thought and Islamism, J. Royal Anthropological Inst. 05 2009 Supplement 1, at 145, 154Google Scholar.

53. Id. at 155.

54. Frederic Volpi, Introduction, supra note 1, at 271, 271-76.

55. Hassan, Kamal, The Influence of Mawdudi's Thought on Muslims in Southeast Asia: A Brief Survey, 93 Muslim World 429, 444 (2003)Google Scholar.

56. Id. at 440.

57. Perekli, Feriha, The Applicability of the Turkish Model to Morocco: The Case of the Parti de la Justice et du Development (PJD), 14 Insight Turkey Summer 2012 85, 99Google Scholar.

58. Roy, Olivier, The Failure of Political Islam (Volk, Carol trans., Harvard Univ. Press 1994)Google Scholar.

59. Roy, Olivier, Globalised Islam: The Search for a New Ummah 1–2 (Colum. Univ. Press 2004)Google Scholar.

60. See, e.g., Rahman, Fazlur, Major Themes of the Quran 62 (Islamic Book Trust 1989)Google Scholar in which he contends that the central aim of the Quran is the establishment of a just and ethically-based social order.

61. Fuller, supra note 3, at 198-200.

62. Id.

63. Scheherazade, Rehman & Hossein, Askari, How Islamic are Islamic Countries?, 10 Global Econ. J., 13–21 (05 2010)Google Scholar.

64. Safi, Louay, The Islamic State: A Conceptual Framework, 8 Am. J. Islamic Soc. Sci. 221, 227 (1991)Google Scholar.

65. Id.

66. Id. at 231-33.

67. Fuller, supra note 3, at 201.

68. Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza, The Rise of Muslim Democracy, 16 J. Democracy 13, 14 (04 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

69. Hamid, Ahmad Fauzi Abdul, Islamist Realignment and the Rebranding of the Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia, 30 Contemp. Southeast Asia 215, 222 (2008)Google Scholar.

70. Case, William & Chin-Tong, Liew, How Committed is PAS to Democracy and How Do We Know It?, 28Contemp. Southeast Asia 385, 389 (2006)Google Scholar.

71. Hunt, Robert, Can Muslims Engage in Interreligious Dialogue? A Study of Malay Muslim Identity in Contemporary Malaysia, 99(4) Muslim World 581, 597 (2009)Google Scholar.

72. Case & Chin-Tong, supra note 70, at 389.

73. Hunt, supra note 71, at 595.

74. Ibrahim, Anwar, Universal Values and Muslim Democracy, 17 J. Democracy at 5, 7 (07 2005)Google Scholar.

75. Interview with Muhammad Nur Manuty in Kuala Lumpur (Feb. 5, 2010).

76. Malaysia Adopts the Principles of the Maqasid Al-Shariah, The Kuala Lumpur Post, July 16, 2012 available at http://www.kualalumpurpost.net/malaysia-adopts-the-principles-of-the-maqasid-al-shariah-an-islamic-concept-based/.

77. Nasr, supra note 68, at 13.

78. Bubalo, Anthony, Fealy, Greg & Mason, Whit, Zealous Democrats: Islamism and Democracy in Egypt, Indonesia and Turkey 14 (Lowy Inst. Int'l Policy 2008)Google Scholar.

79. Nasr, supra note 68, at 13.

80. Id.

81. Bubalo, Fealy & Mason, supra note 78, at 15.

82. Rane, Halim & Salem, Sumra, Social Media, Social Movements and the Diffusion of Ideas in the Arab Uprisings, 18 J. Int'l Communication 97, 99 (2012)Google Scholar.

83. Rane, Implications, supra note 8, at 344.

84. Rane & Salem, supra note 82, at 100.

85. See Means, Gordon, Political Islam in Southeast Asia 309–16 (Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information & Research Development Centre 2009)Google ScholarMeans, Gordon, Political Islam in Southeast Asia 309–16 (Lynne Rienner Pub. 2009)Google Scholar; and Torelli, supra note 51, at 69-79.

86. Perekli, supra note 57, at 93-94.

87. Id. at 85, 99.

88. Id.

89. Rachid Ghanouchi, 2012, speech given at the Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy (CS1D) “Tunisia: Secularism and Relation between Religion and the State from the Perspective of the Nahdha Party” (Mar. 2, 2012).

90. Interviews with senior members of the AKP in Istanbul (Feb. 2010).

91. Id. at 69.

92. Gerges, Fawaz, America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests? 195 (Cambridge Univ. Press 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

93. Dede, Alper, The Arab Uprisings: Debating the Turkish Model, 13 Insight Turkey 23 (Spring 2011)Google Scholar.

94. Telhami, Shibly, The 2011 Arab Public Opinion Poll, Brookings Institution and Zogby International, 11 21, 2011, available at http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2011/11/21-arab-public-opinion-telhamiGoogle Scholar.

95. Id.

96. Id.

91. Derhally, Massoud, Syria's Muslim Brotherhood Favors Turkey Model Over Iran in Plan for Power, Bloomberg, 11 28, 2011, available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-28/syria-s-muslim-brotherhood-favors-turkish-model-over-iran-s-leader-says.htmlGoogle Scholar.

98. Libya's transitional council calls Turkey model for Arab Spring countries, Today's Zaman, Feb. 13, 2012, available at http://www.todayszaman.com/news-271297-libyas-transitional-council-calls-turkey-model-for-arab-spring-countries.html.

99. Tunisian prime minister says Turkey model for Tunisia, Today's Zaman, Dec. 12, 2011, http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=7B15A574A6E756B0B578188AE0FF9892?newsId=265524 [hereinafter Model for Tunisia].

100. Justice and Development Party, Nov. 3, 2002 Parliamentary Elections Results, available at http://www.akparti.org.tr/english/secimler/2002-parliamentary-elections.

101. Justice and Development Party, July 22, 2007 Parliamentary Elections, available at http://www.akparti.org.tr/english/secimler/2007-parliamentary-elections.

102. Justice and Development Party, 2011 Parliamentary Elections, available at http://www.akparti.org.tr/english/secimler/2011-parliamentary-elections (2012).

103. Justice and Development Party, ‘Political Program: AK Parti Official Website, http://www.akparti.org.tr/english/akparti/parti-programme.

104. Id.

105. Justice and Development Party, Political Program: Foreign Policy, AK Parti Official Website http://www.akparti.org.tr/english/akparti/parti-programme#bolum_(in the dropdown menu, click sec. VI).

106. Id. at 77.

107. Id.

108. Steven Everts, “An Asset but not a Model: Turkey, the EU and the Wider Middle East,” Centre for European Reform, available at http://www.cer.org.uk/publications/archive/essay/2004/asset-not-model-turkey-eu-and-wider-middle-east.

109. Abouzeid, Rania, Why Turkey's Erdogan is Greeted like a Rock Star in Egypt, Time, 09 13, 2011, available at http://www.time.eom/time/world/article/0,8599,2093090,00.htmlGoogle ScholarPubMed.

110. Champion, Marc & Bradley, Matt, Islamists Criticize Turkish Premier's “Secular” Remarks, The Wall St. J., 09 15, 2011, available at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904491704576570670264116178.htmlGoogle Scholar.

111. Id.

112. Rheault, Magali & Mogahed, Dalia, Iranians, Egyptians, Turks: Contrasting Views on Sharia, Gallup World, 07 10, 2008, available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/108724/iranians-egyptians-turks-contrasting-views-sharia.aspxGoogle Scholar.

113. Model for Tunisia, supra note 100.

114. Rane, Evolving Ideas, supra note 9, at 135.

115. Torelli, supra note 51, at 65, 68.

116. Rheault & Mogahed, supra note 113.

117. Perekli, supra note 57, at 85, 87-88.

118. Id. at 88.

119. Id.

120. Id.

121. Means, supra note 85, at 356-57.

122. Interview with Luthfi Hasan Ishaq in Jakarta (Apr. 9, 2010).

123. Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR), “Basic Goals and Political Struggle,” available at http://www.keadilanrakyat.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Belanjawan-Pakatan-Rakyat-2013-vAkhir.pdf (2010)Google Scholar.

124. Id.

125. Id..

126. Interview with Muhammad Nur Manuty in Kuala Lumpur (Feb. 5, 2010).

127. Interview with Luthfi Hasan Ishaq in Jakarta (Apr. 9, 2010).

128. Interview with Muhammad Nur Manuty in Kuala Lumpur (Feb. 5, 2010).

129. interview with Luthfi Hasan Ishaaq in Jakarta (Apr. 9, 2010).

130. Interview with Syed Husin Ali in Kuala Lumpur (Feb. 3, 2010).

131. Torelli, supra note 51, at 65, 76.

132. Means, supra note 85, at 65.

133. Id.

134. Alpay, Sahin, Turkey, not Iran, will inspire Arab democracies, Today's Zaman, 02 7, 2011, available at http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-234720-turkey-not-iran-will-inspire-arab-democracies.htmlGoogle Scholar.

135. Rachid Ghanouchi, 2012, speech given at the Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy (CSID) Tunisia, “Secularism and Relation between Religion and the State from the Perspective of the Nahdha Party” (Mar. 2, 2012).

136. Id.

137. Id.

138. Hendawi, Hamza & Klapper, Bradley, Egypt-U.S. Relations Post-Mubarak Leave America's Role Unclear, The Huffington Post, 07 15, 2012, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/15/egypt-us-relations-post-mubarak_n_1674275.htmlGoogle Scholar.

139. Interview with Luthfi Hasan Ishaq in Jakarta (Apr. 9, 2010).

140. See Djerejian, Edward & Martin, William, Danger and Opportunity: An American Ambassador's Journey Through the Middle East 3 (Threshold 2008)Google Scholar; Nakhleh, Emile, A Necessary Engagement: Reinventing America's Relations with the Muslim World xv (Princeton Univ. Press 2009)Google Scholar.

141. Djerejian, supra note 141, at 61.

142. Djerejian, Edward, The US and the Middle East in a Changing World, 14 Def. Inst. of Sec. Assistance Mgmt. J., 32, 35 (Summer 1992), available at http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Vol%2014_4/Djerejian.pdfGoogle Scholar.

143. Djerejian, Edward, Danger and Opportunity: An American Ambassador's Journey through the Middle East, 49, 41 (Threshold 2008)Google Scholar.

144. Crowds rally against Islamists in Egypt, Aljazeera, 10 19, 2012, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/10/20121019152742363411.htmlGoogle Scholar.

145. Hamad, supra note 51, at 51, 59.