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A PREQUEL TO LAW AND REVOLUTION: A LONG LOST MANUSCRIPT OF HAROLD J. BERMAN COMES TO LIGHT1
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 January 2014
Abstract
The late Harold Berman was a pioneering scholar of Soviet law, legal history, jurisprudence, and law and religion; he is best known today for his monumental Law and Revolution series on the Western legal tradition. Berman wrote a short book, Law and Language, in the early 1960s, but it was not published until 2013. In this early text, he adumbrated many of the main themes of his later work, including Law and Revolution. He also anticipated a good deal of the interdisciplinary and comparative methodology that we take for granted today, even though it was rare in the intense legal positivist era during which he was writing. This essay contextualizes Berman's Law and Language within the development of his own legal thought and in the evolution of interdisciplinary legal studies. It focuses particularly on the themes of law and religion, law and history, and law and communication that dominated Berman's writing until his death in 2007.
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Footnotes
1
This article is largely drawn from our introduction to Harold J. Berman's Law and Language: The Effective Symbols of Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 1–35. It is used herein with permission of the publisher.
References
2 Harold J. Berman to his Dartmouth College mentor Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, 28 May 1966, Emory Law Library Archives (see note 19 below).
3 Jacket endorsement for Hunter, Howard O., ed., The Integrative Jurisprudence of Harold J. Berman (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996)Google Scholar. By the time of this endorsement, Dean Calabresi had been appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
4 The first-person voice used herein is that of author John Witte.
5 Berman, Harold J., Law and Language: Effective Symbols of Community, ed. Witte, John Jr. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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7 True story: It was the winter of 1982, with Brezhnev still in power in the USSR. The Bermans had me over for dinner. After a few rounds of drinks, Berman stood up and announced grandly: “I have a prophecy to make. I predict that, in a decade, the Soviet Union will be revolutionized, and the leader of the revolution will be a young man I have been watching for a long time—Mikhail Gorbachev.” Within a decade, glasnost, perestroika, and demokratizatsiia had become the watchwords of a new Russian revolution. See Harold J. Berman, review of PERESTROIKA: New Thinking for Our Country and the World, by Mikhail Gorbachev, Atlanta Constitution, December 13, 1987, 12J; “Gorbachev's Law Reforms in Historical Perspective,” Emory Journal of International Affairs 5 (Spring 1988): 1–10Google Scholar; “The Challenge of Christianity and Democracy in the Soviet Union,” in Christianity and Democracy in Global Context, ed. Witte, John Jr. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), 287–96Google Scholar.
8 Berman, Harold J., Justice in the U.S.S.R. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950, 1963; New York: Random House, 1963)Google Scholar.
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11 Berman, Harold J., On the Teaching of Law in the Liberal Arts Curriculum (Brooklyn, NY: Foundation Press, 1956)Google Scholar.
12 Berman, Harold J., The Nature and Functions of Law (Brooklyn, NY: Foundation Press, 1958)Google Scholar; with William R. Greiner and Samir N. Saliba, 6th rev. ed. (New York: Foundation Press, 2004).
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14 Berman, Harold J., The Interaction of Law and Religion (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1974)Google Scholar.
15 Berman, Harold J., Faith and Order: The Reconciliation of Law and Religion (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1993Google Scholar; repr. ed., Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1996).
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19 Emory Libraries, EmoryFindingAids, Harold J. Berman Papers, 1938–2007, accessed January 1, 2013, http://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/L-027/; Zotero, Harold J. Berman Collection, accessed January 1, 2013, https://www.zotero.org/harold_j_berman/items.
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23 This is the central thesis of his Law and Revolution series.
24 See esp. Berman, Harold J., “Toward an Integrative Jurisprudence: Politics, Morality, History,” California Law Review 76 (1988): 779–801CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and elaboration in Faith and Order, 239–310. See analysis in Teachout, Peter, “‘Complete Achievement’: Integrity of Vision and Performance in Berman's Jurisprudence,” in Hunter, ed., The Integrative Jurisprudence of Harold J. Berman, 75–98Google Scholar. Already in his 1958 edition of The Nature and Functions of Law, 25ff., Berman had formed his basic, three-part analytical framework for jurisprudence, combining natural law, legal positivism, and historical jurisprudence.
25 Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996)Google Scholar.
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27 This is based in part on my memory of a conversation with Professor Berman after his return from China. These same sentiments are conveyed in a newspaper article about this trip. See Meredith Hobbs, “Translating Western Law into Chinese; Emory Professor Harold J. Berman Toured China, Speaking to Halls Packed with Chinese Students,” Daily Report 117 (Fulton County, GA) (June 1, 2006): 1.
28 Berman, Faith and Order, 319–22.
29 Berman and I sometimes did devotions together, and I remember spending weeks discussing the meaning of these quoted statements, which in his view said a lot about the dialogical nature of God.
30 See Berman, Law and Language, 161.
31 Galatians 3:28; Ephesians 2:14–15; Colossians 3:10–11. See also Witte, John Jr., “A New Concordance of Discordant Canons: Harold J. Berman on Law and Religion,” Emory Law Journal 42 (1993): 523–60Google Scholar, at 531.
32 See sources in note 26, and Tibor Várady's afterword, “From Babel to Pentecost,” in Law and Language, 163–85.
33 See Berman, Justice in the U.S.S.R., 15–24; Faith and Order, 239, 280; Law and Revolution, 538, 546. For criticisms of Bentham, see Harold J. Berman, “World Law and the Crisis of the Western Legal Tradition,” the William Timbers Lecture, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, April 21, 2005 (unpublished, on file in Emory Law School Library archives).
34 See Berman, Faith and Order, 314, 381. For similar criticisms of Emil Brunner, see Berman, Interaction, 81–91.
35 See Berman, Law and Revolution, 144–48; Law and Revolution II, 100–30; Faith and Order, 170ff.
36 See Berman, Law and Revolution, 132; Law and Revolution II, 77–80.
37 Berman, Interaction, 113; “Law and Religion in the Development of World Order,” 35.
38 Berman, Faith and Order, 13.
39 See Berman, Interaction, 119–20; Law and Revolution, 166–72.
40 See a good summary in the introduction to Berman, Law and Revolution II, 1–28.
41 This is Hugo Grotius' phrase, which Berman has often used in personal conversations. See Hugo Grotius, “[The Poem] Het Beroep van Advocaat [The Calling of the Advocate] (February 18, 1602),” reprinted in Grotius, Hugo, Anthologia Grotiana (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1955)Google Scholar, 33. See Berman, Faith and Order, 351; “The Prophetic, Pastoral, and Priestly Vocation of the Lawyer,” The NICM Journal 2 (1977): 5–9Google Scholar.
42 See Berman, Harold J., “The Crisis of the Western Legal Tradition,” Creighton Law Review 9 (1975): 252–65Google Scholar; “The Moral Crisis of the Western Legal Tradition and the Weightier Matters of the Law,” Criterion 19, no. 2 (1980): 15–23Google Scholar; “The Crisis of Legal Education in America,” Boston College Law Review 26 (1985): 347–52Google Scholar.
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44 Letter from Harold J. Berman to Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, April 17, 1966 (on file in the Emory Law School Library archives).
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52 Berman, Law and Revolution, 44ff.; Hall, Jerome, Comparative Law and Social Theory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963)Google Scholar, 78ff. See also Berman, Law and Language, chapter 2.
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57 Ibid., 10–11.
58 See Berman, Law and Language, 162.
59 Ibid., 48.
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70 See Berman, Law and Language, 47.
71 Ibid., 38.
72 Ibid.
73 Ibid., 44.
74 Ibid., 61.
75 Ibid., 62.
76 Ibid., 63.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid., 92.
79 Ibid., 129.
80 Ibid., 143.
81 Berman, Law and Revolution, 2–3.
82 Ibid., 5.
83 Ibid., 60.
84 Ibid., 61–62.
85 Ibid., chap. 5.
86 Ibid., chap. 2 (political analysis) and chap. 3 (institutions and analytical tools).
87 Ibid., 131ff.
88 Ibid., 127–31.
89 Ibid., chap. 2.
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105 Ibid., 24.
106 Ibid., 285.
107 Berman, Law and Language, 103.
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109 Collected in vol. 58, nos. 1 & 2 of the Southern California Law Review (1985).
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114 White, Justice as Translation, 27–33.
115 Ibid., 34ff.
116 Ibid., 267.
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118 Ball, Milner S., Lying Down Together: Law, Metaphor, and Theology (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985)Google Scholar, chaps. 2 & 4.
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125 Ibid., 71–72.
126 See Berman, Law and Language, chap. 3.
127 See esp. Berman, Interaction, 31–39.
128 Gail Stygall, “Discourse in the US Courtroom,” in Oxford Handbook, 369–70.
129 Jan Engberg, “Word Meaning and the Problem of a Globalized Legal Order,” in Oxford Handbook, 176–81.
130 Michel Bastarache, “Bilingual Interpretation Rules as a Component of Language Rights in Canada,” in Oxford Handbook, 170ff.
131 Ibid., 182–85.
132 Karen McAuliffe, “Language and Law in the European Union: The Multilingual Jurisprudence of the ECJ,” in Oxford Handbook, 204–12.
133 Solan, Lawrence M., “The Interpretation of Multilingual Statutes by the European Court of Justice,” Brooklyn Journal of International Law 34 (2009): 286–94Google Scholar.
134 See note 2 above. Berman loved to quote the old adage of the scholar: “Though my sins be like scarlet, let my works be read.”
135 See Harold J. Berman, foreword to Christian Perspectives on Legal Thought, eds. McConnell, Michael W., Cochran, Robert F. Jr., and Carmella, Angela C. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001)Google Scholar, xii.
136 See Witte, John Jr., “The Study of Law and Religion in the United States: An Interim Report,” Ecclesiastical Law Journal 14 (2012): 327–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
137 Matthew 23:23. Berman often used this biblical trope. See, e.g., Harold J. Berman, “‘The Weightier Matters of the Law’: Address to the Opening of Vermont Law School” (1974), repr. in Royalton Review 9, nos. 1 & 2 (1975): 32; “The Weightier Matters of the Law,” in Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, ed. Berman, Ronald (Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1980), 99–113Google Scholar; “The Moral Crisis of the Western Legal Tradition and the Weightier Matters of the Law.”