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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 February 2009
Elite family networks with overlapping economic and political power have been a basic feature of Latin America. Their influence was characteristically strong during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the export economies expanded and national governments, particularly in the larger nations, advocated order and progress at the expense of participatory democracy. Historically, the influence of the elites has been primarily a regional phenomenon underpinned by ownership of land, mines, or lucrative commercial enterprises. They formed economic, political, and blood alliances to control production of vital products, monopolise local government and, on occasion, initiate bold entrepreneurial initiatives. Examples include the thirty families who dominated henequen production and local government in nineteenth-century Yucatán, the Grupo Monterrey who ran the industrialising economy of northeastern Mexico during the Porfiriato, and the Paraíba oligarchy who controlled cotton production, municipal government, and local tax revenues during the Brazilian Old Republic (1889–1930).
2 Balmori, Diana, Voss, Stuart F. and Wortman, Miles (eds.), Notable Family Networks in Latin America (Chicago, 1984)Google Scholar. Also see the numerous studies cited in their bibliography.
3 Wells, Alan, ‘Family Elites in a Boom-and-Bust Economy: The Molinas and Peons of Porfirian Yucatán’, Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 62 (1982), p. 224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4 Saragoza, Alex M., The Monterrey Elite and the Mexican State, 1880 to 1940 (Austin, Texas, 1988).Google Scholar
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7 Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in Twentieth Century Mexico (Princeton, 1979), p. 216.Google Scholar
8 Smith, Peter H., Argentina and the Failure of Democracy: Conflict among Political Elites, 1904–1955 (Madison, Wisconsin, 1974), pp. 26–7.Google Scholar
9 Felstiner, Mary Lowenthal, ‘Kinship Politics in the Chilean Independence Movement’, Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 56, no. 1 (1976), pp. 58–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10 ‘El desarrollo y las formas del poder oligárquico en el Perú’, in Mar, José Matos (ed.), La oligarquía en el Perú (Buenos Aires, 1969), p. 83Google Scholar. Other significant works on the Peruvian elite include: Bourricaud, François, Power and Society in Contemporary Peru, trans, by Stevenson, Paul (London, 1970)Google Scholar; Burga, Manuel and Galindo, Alberto Flores, Apogeo y crisis de la República Aristocrática, 4th ed. (Lima, 1987)Google Scholar; Gilbert, Dennis L., La oligarquía peruana: historia de tres familias (Lima, 1982)Google Scholar; Miller, Rory, ‘The Coastal Elite and Peruvian Politics, 1895–1919’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 14. no. 1 (05, 1982), pp. 97–120CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Miller, Rory, ‘La oligarquía costeña y la República Aristocrática en el Perú, 1895–1919’, Revista de Indias, vol. 48, nos. 182–3, pp. 551–66.Google Scholar
11 Gilbert, ‘La oligarquía’.
12 Miller, , ‘La oligárquia costeña’, p. 562Google Scholar; Miller's argument is more fully developed in ‘The Coastal Elite and Peruvian Politics’.
13 Quiroz, Alfonso W., La deuda defraudada: consolidación de 1850 y dominio económico en el Perú (Lima, 1987).Google Scholar
14 Levin, Jonathan V., The Export Economies (Cambridge, Mass., 1960)Google Scholar; and Bonilla, Heraclio, Guano y burguesía en el Perú (Lima, 1974).Google Scholar
15 Stein, Steve, Populism in Peru (Madison, 1980), p. 27.Google Scholar
16 López de Romaña owned the plantation Chucarapi on the southern coast, and Pardo (the son of Manuel Pardo) inherited Tumán, on the northern coast.
17 Burga, Manuel and Galindo, Alberto Flores, Apogeo y crisis, pp. 84–95Google Scholar; Gonzales, Michael J., Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875–1933, Latin American Monograph No. 62 (Austin, Texas, 1985)Google Scholar, ch. ii.
18 Gonzales, Plantation Agriculture, chapters ii and iii; Bell, W. S., An Essay on the Peruvian Cotton Industry, 1825–1920 (Liverpool, 1985)Google Scholar; and Gonzales, Michael J., ‘The Rise of Cotton Tenant Farming in Peru, 1890–1920’, Agricultural History, vol. 65, no. 1 (Winter, 1991), pp. 51–71.Google Scholar
19 Albert, Bill, An Essay on the Peruvian Sugar Industry, 1880–1920 and the Letters of Ronald Gordon, Administrator of the British Sugar Company in Cañete, 1914–1920 (Norwich, 1976), pp. 126a–127a.Google Scholar
20 Miller, , ‘La Oligarquía’, pp. 553–4. Interestingly, Payán was a Cuban émigré.Google Scholar
21 Ibid.; Miller, ‘Coastal Elite’, p. 114.
22 A possible exception was López de Romaña who was from Arequipa, located somewhat inland. However, López also owned the largest sugarcane plantation on the southern coast and resided for periods of time in Lima.
23 On sugar planters and the sugar industry see Gonzales, Plantation Agriculture; and on social and economic conditions in the highlands see Jacobsen, Nils P., ‘Land tenure and Society in the Peruvian Altiplano, Azangaro province, 1770–1920’ (unpublished PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1982)Google Scholar; and Gonzales, Michael J., ‘Neo-colonialism and Indian Unrest in Southern Peru, 1868–1898’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, vol. 6, no. 1 (1987), pp. 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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25 Gonzales, , Plantation Agriculture, pp. 118–20Google Scholar; and Irie, Toraje, ‘History of Japanese Migration to Peru’, trans. by Himel, William, Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 21, nos. 1 & 2 (08. and 11. 1951).Google Scholar
26 Klarén, Peter F., Modernization, Dislocation, and Aprismo, Latin American Monograph no. 32 (Austin, Texas, 1973), pp. 70–83.Google Scholar
27 Personal communication from Bill Albert, August 1990.
28 The Civilista candidate, incidentally, was Antero Aspíllaga Barrera.
29 Blanchard, Peter, ‘A Populist Precursor: Guillermo Billinghurst’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 9 (1977), pp. 251–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The Civilistas always enjoyed some military support, even during the nineteenth century. Moreover, following the Aristocratic Republic some politically active planters, such as the Aspíllagas, served as key advisors to military dictators in the 1930s and from 1948 to 1956.
30 Gonzales, , Plantation Agriculture, pp. 43–4Google Scholar; Pasapera, Manuel (ed.), Ley de aguas con sus antecedentes. Código y Reglamento Aguas (Lima, 1902).Google Scholar
31 Gonzales, , Plantation Agriculture, pp. 42–52Google Scholar, tables 7–11.
32 Gonzales, , Plantation Agriculture, p. 52.Google Scholar
33 Ibid., chapter ix.
34 Miller, , ‘La Oligarquí’, pp. 553–4.Google Scholar
35 Tres familias, p. 37.
36 Miller, , ‘La Oligarquía’, pp. 554, 561.Google Scholar
37 ‘The Coastal Elite’, pp. 104–7.
38 Gilbert, pp. 37–40.
39 ‘Mito y realidad de la oligarquía peruana’, in Mar, Matos (ed.), ha oligarquía, p. 68.Google Scholar
40 See Thorp, Rosemary and Bertram, Geoffrey, Peru, 1899–1977: Growth and Policy in an Open Economy (New York, 1978)Google Scholar; Albert, An Essay on the Peruvian Sugar Industry, 1880–1920; and Gonzales, Plantation Agriculture, chs. ii and iii.
41 Thorp and Bertram, pp. 21–145. Quiroz, Alfonso W., ‘Financial Leadership and the Formation of Peruvian Elite Groups, 1884–1930’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 20, no. 1 (06 1988), pp. 49–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Among those elites who diversified were the Pardos and the Aspíllagas. However, both continued to earn the bulk of their income from exporting sugar.
42 Gilbert, Dennis L., ‘The Oligarchy and the Old Regime in Peru’, Cornell University Dissertation Series, no. 69 (January, 1977), pp. 44–7.Google Scholar
43 Joaquín Capelo estimated that there were only 500 bureaucrats in Lima in 1900. In Flores Galindo and Burga, p. 85.
44 In Puno, elites belonged to various political parties, including the Civilista, which had similar platforms favouring economic development and public works. Personal communication from Nils Jacobsen, 28 May 1990.
45 Stewart, Watt, Chinese Bondage in Peru (Durham, NC, 1951).Google Scholar
46 Gonzales, Michael J., ‘Chinese Plantation Workers and Social Conflict in Peru in the Late Nineteenth Century’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 21, no. 3 (10. 1989), pp. 385–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47 Gonzales, Plantation Agriculture, chapters viii and ix; Gonzales, ‘The Rise of Cotton Tenant Farming in Peru, 1890–1920’.
48 Manuel Torres to Carlos Gutiérrez, 1 July 1907, El Archivo del Fuero Agrario, Lima (hereinafter referred to as AFA); M. Coronado to Catalino Coronado, 25 June 1919, Pátapo to Chota, AFA; Manuel Coronado to Catalino Coronado, 15 Nov. 1918, Pátapo to Chota, AFA; V. Mires to Catalino Coronado, 25 March 1910, Pátapo to Chota, AFA; J. Orrego to Catalino Coronado, Pátapo to Chota, 15 Sept. 1916, AFA; V. Mires to Catalino Coronado, 22 April 1910, Pátapo to Chota, AFA.
49 ‘Principales obligaciones de los guardianes de la Hacienda Cayaltí, 1928’, AFA; Joaquín Gutiérrez to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 19 Aug. 1915, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; Joaquín Gutiérrez to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 3 March 1916, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; Aspíllaga Hermanos to Joaquín Gutiérrez, 23 March 1916, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA.
50 Contract, Daniel Orrego and Hacienda Pomalca, 26 Jan. 1910, AFA; Aspíllaga Hermanos to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 8 Feb. 1906, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; Manuel Coronado to Catalino Coronado, 21 Sept. 1916, Pátapo to Lima, AFA.
51 Scott, C. D., ‘Peasants, Proletarianisation and the Articulation of Modes of Production: The Case of Sugarcane Cutters in Northern Peru, 1940–1969’, Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 3 (04 1976), pp. 321–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Miguel Coronado to Catalino Coronado, 22 Aug. 1918, Pátapo to Chota, AFA; César Coronado to Catalino Coronado, 16 Oct. 1918, Pátapo to Chota, AFA; Aspíllaga Hermanos to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 27 June 1889, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; Aspíllaga Hermanos to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 31 July 1889, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; Aspíllaga Hermanos to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 11 Oct. 1892, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; interview with Galindo Bravo, CAP Pucalá, 26 June 1975.
52 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Antero Aspíllaga Barrera and Baldomero Aspíllaga Barrera, 30 Dec. 1915, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA.
53 Joaquín Gutiérrez to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 19 Aug. 1915, San José to Lima, AFA; Joaquín Gutiérrez to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 3 March 1916, Pisco to Lima, AFA; Aspíllaga Hermanos to Joaquín Gutiérrez, 23 March 1916, San José to Lima, AFA.
54 Víctor Aspíllaga Taboada to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 14 Oct. 1908, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; N. Tello to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 29 Nov. 1905, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; Víctor Aspíllaga Taboada to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 11 Aug. 1908, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; Manuel Coronado to Catalino Coronado, 6 Oct. 1916, Pátapo to Chota, AFA; V. Mires to Catalino Coronado, 18 Feb. 1910, Pátapo to Chota, AFA; V. Mires to Catalino Coronado, 25 Feb. 1910, Pátapo to Lima, AFA.
55 Antero Aspíllaga Barrera to Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera and Baldomero Aspíllaga Barrera, 23 Oct. 1913, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; Antero Aspíllaga Barrera to Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera and Baldomero Aspíllaga Barrera, 30 Oct. 1913, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA.
56 Pasapera, Ley de aguas…; Klaren, Peter F., Modernization, pp. 56–7Google Scholar; Víctor Aspíllaga Toboada to Aspíllaga Hermanos, 30 Aug. 1907, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA; La Reforma (Trujillo), 22 Aug. 1917.
57 Gonzales, Plantation Agriculture, ch. ix.
58 Detailed discussions of these strikes are available in Ibid.; Albert, , Peruvian Sugar Industry, pp. 178a–208aGoogle Scholar; Klarén, Peter F., Modernization, pp. 33–49.Google Scholar
59 Albert, , Peruvian Sugar Industry, p. 106aGoogle Scholar; La Reforma, 8–11 April 1912; 15 April 1912; 18 April 1912; 19 April 1912.
60 La Reforma, 1–2 June 1917; 4 June 1917; La Industria (Trujillo), 4 June 1917; Albert, , Peruvian Sugar Industry, pp. 187a–188aGoogle Scholar; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Antero Aspíllaga Barrera, 12 July 1917, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Antero Aspíllaga Barrera, 17 July 1917, AFA.
61 Gonzales, , Plantation Agriculture, pp. 176–85.Google Scholar
62 Bertram, I. G., ‘Development Problems in an Export Economy: A Study of Domestic Capitalists, Foreign Firms and Government in Peru, 1919–1930’, unpublished DPhil thesis, Oxford University, 1974Google Scholar; Cotler, Clases, ch. iv.
63 Basadre, Jorge, Elecciones y centralismo en el Perú (Lima, 1980).Google Scholar
64 Gilbert, , ‘Oligarchy’, p. 162.Google Scholar
65 Aspíllaga family correspondence from the plantation Palto, ca. 1860–1930, AFA.
66 See below for a brief discussion of Ismael's campaign. Some details about the political history of Pisco are in Negrón, M. Castillo, Monografía de Pisco (Lima, 1947), pp. 295–6.Google Scholar
67 El Peruana (Lima), 16 Feb. 1886; Gilbert, , ‘Oligarchy’, p. 163, 168–9.Google Scholar
68 Gilbert, , ‘Oligarchy’, p. 170–1.Google Scholar
69 Ismael Aspíllaga to Señor Parroco, Dr D. José G. Escate, 15 Feb. 1901, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
70 Ismael Aspíllaga Barrera to Carlos Alvarez Calderón, 15 Feb. 1901, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ismael Aspíllaga Barrera to Carlos Alvarez Calderón, 23 Feb. 1901, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
71 Ismael Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 23 Feb. 1901, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ismael Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 1 March 1901, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ismael Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 2 March 1901, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
72 Ismael Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 1 March 1901, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ismael Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 2 March 1901, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
73 Aspíllaga Hermanos to Tomás Acevedo, 22 May 1901, Lima to Palto, AFA.
74 Ismael Aspíllaga Barrera to Señor Presidente de la Junta Escrutadora de la Provincia de Pisco, 17 June 1901, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
75 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to C. Céspedes, 17 Oct. 1906, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramon Aspíllaga Barrera to Tomás Bull, 20 Oct. 1906, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 13 March 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
76 Stein, , Populism, pp. 29, 32.Google Scholar
77 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Tomás Acevedo, 29 Oct. 1906, Lima to Palto, AFA.
78 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 10 Dec. 1906, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, Lima to Pisco, 11 Dec. 1906, AFA.
79 Populism, p. 30; Miller also refers to the period from 1903–8 as one of political harmony. ‘La Oligarquía’, p. 553.
80 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Páerez, 9 Jan. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
81 Ramón admitted that: ‘nosotros le habíamos quitado el saludo’. Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 9 Feb. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
82 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 18 June 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
83 Apogeo y crisis, pp. 91–100.
84 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Tomás Acevedo, 29 Dec. 1906, Lima to Palto, AFA.
85 Antero Aspíllaga Barrera to Enrique Villagarcia, 2 March 1907, Lima to Ica, AFA; Antero Aspíllaga Barrera to Augusto Ríos, 5 March 1907, Lima to Ica, AFA; Antero Aspíllaga Barrera to Augusto Ríos, 6 March 1907, Lima to Ica, AFA.
86 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Javier Prado Ugarteche, 25 Feb. 1907, Lima to Lima, AFA.
87 Elecciones, p. 57.
88 List of contributors, dated Sept. 1906, Aspíllaga correspondence, Hacienda Palto, AFA.
89 There are dozens of these letters in the Palto correspondence from June to December of 1906. Examples include: Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to J. Barnechea, 29 Oct. 1906, Lima to Hacienda Zarate, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Daniel Villa, 12 July 1906, Lima to Hacienda Monterola, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Francisco Pasara Cisneros, 20 Nov. 1906, Lima to Hacienda Mencia, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Fermín Tangüis,26 Nov. 1906, Lima to Hacienda Urrutia, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Jorge Bull, 18 July 1906, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
90 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Tomás Acevedo, 12 Dec. 1906, Lima to Palto, AFA.
91 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Enrique Villagarcia, 4 Feb. 1907, Lima to Ica, AFA.
92 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to José A. Bringas, 24 Jan. 1907, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 23 Feb. 1907, AFA.
93 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 15 Dec. 1906, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Carlos Céspedes, 16 Dec. 1906, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Pelegrin Román, 18 Dec. 1906, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
94 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Tomás S. Acevedo, 21 July 1906, Lima to Palto, AFA.
95 Gonzáles, , Plantation Agriculture, pp. 155–9.Google Scholar
96 Ibid., pp. 166–7.
97 Katz, Friedrich, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981)Google Scholar, part i; Love and Barickman, ‘Rulers and Owners’; and Holloway, Thomas H., Immigrants on the Land: Coffee and Society in São Paulo, 1886–1934 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1980).Google Scholar
98 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Antero Aspíllaga Barrera, 14 June 1917, Cayaltí to Lima, AFA.
99 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Tomás S. Acevedo, 29 Dec. 1906, Lima to Palto, AFA.
100 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 30 Jan. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
101 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 9 Feb. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
102 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 16 Jan. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
103 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 2 Jan. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 30 Jan. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
104 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 21 Jan. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 9 Feb. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
105 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 9 Feb. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
106 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Pelegrin Román, 9 March 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
107 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 14 March 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 13 March 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 11 May 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 11 May 1907(b), AFA.
108 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 11 May 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 20 May 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
109 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Pelegrin Román, 20 May 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Junta Escrutadora de la Provincia de Pisco, 18 June 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
110 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Maxmiliano E. Bellido, 9 Oct. 1907, Lima to Pisco, AFA; ‘Memorandum para el Señor Director General de Correos y Telégrafos’, 31 Aug. 1907, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Juan José Miranda, 18 Feb. 1908, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Juan José Miranda, 19 Feb. 1908, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Vicente del Solar, 4 March 1908, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Alcalde Bellido, 28 Aug. 1908, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Alcalde Bellido, 30 Aug. 1908, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Julio M. Laca, Subprefect of Pisco, 17 Sept. 1908, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Señor Alcalde del H. Consejo Provincial, Pisco, 15 Oct. 1908, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
111 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 22 March 1909, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
112 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Cipriano M. Agüero, 3 Aug. 1909, Lima to Pisco, AFA.
113 Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 22 March 1909, Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Gerardo Pérez, 22 March 1909(b), Lima to Pisco, AFA; Ramón Aspíllaga Barrera to Alfredo Picasso, 22 May 1909, Lima to Lima, AFA.