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Making a Brazilian New Deal: Oliveira Vianna and the Transnational Sources of Brazil's Corporatist Experiment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2018

MELISSA TEIXEIRA
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Abstract

This article explores the legal writings of Brazilian sociologist and jurist Francisco José de Oliveira Vianna to reveal the global context that shaped Brazil's corporatist experiment in the 1930s. From the Labour Ministry, Oliveira Vianna was at the forefront of legal and political debates over how to create corporatist laws and institutions. He was often cast as an authoritarian and retrograde thinker, yet this article looks beyond those categories to examine how his engagement with the US New Deal inserted corporatism into global debates over the role of the state in economic recovery and social welfare.

Spanish abstract

Este artículo explora los escritos jurídicos del sociólogo y jurista brasileño Francisco José de Oliveira Vianna para mostrar el contexto global en el que se forjó el experimento corporativista de Brasil en los 1930s. Desde el Ministerio del Trabajo, Oliveira Vianna estuvo a la cabeza de los debates legales y políticos alrededor de cómo crear leyes e instituciones corporativas. Oliveira Vianna está catalogado con frecuencia como un pensador autoritario y retrógrado, pero este artículo mira más allá de estas categorías para examinar más bien cómo su conexión con el New Deal estadounidense incorporó el corporativismo a los debates globales sobre el papel del estado en la recuperación económica y el bienestar social.

Portuguese abstract

Este artigo explora os textos jurídicos do sociólogo e jurista brasileiro Francisco José de Oliveira Vianna para expor o contexto global que moldou o experimento corporativista dos anos 30 no Brasil. Oliveira Vianna, do Ministério do Trabalho, esteve à frente dos debates políticos e legais sobre como criar leis e instituições corporativistas. Oliveira Vianna é geralmente classificado como pensador autoritário e retrógrado, mas esse artigo vai além dessas categorias para examinar como o seu envolvimento com o New Deal dos EUA inseriu o corporativismo em debates globais sobre o papel do Estado na recuperação da economia e no bem-estar social.

Keywords

Brazillegal and constitutional historyUS New DealOliveira Viannacorporatismglobal historyBrasilhistoria del pensamiento jurídico y constitucionalUS New DealOliveira Viannacorporativismohistoria globalBrasilhistória constitucional e legalUS New DealOliveira Viannacorporatismohistória global
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Latin American Studies , Volume 50 , Issue 3 , August 2018 , pp. 613 - 641
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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Footnotes

*

For their helpful suggestions and insight, I would like to thank Jeremy Adelman, André Botelho, Pablo Fernandez-Vazquez, Christopher Florio, John French, Hendrik Hartog, Robert Karl, Rebecca Rix, Daniel Rodgers and Barbara Weinstein. The article also benefited from the thoughtful readings and insightful comments provided by three anonymous reviewers and editors at JLAS. All shortcomings are my own. Research for this article was made possible with funding from the Fulbright Commission in Brazil, Princeton Program in Latin American Studies, and a History Project grant, as well as the invaluable support of archivists and staff at the Casa de Oliveira Vianna in Niterói, Brazil.

References

1 Moses Aronson to Oliveira Vianna, 6 April 1939, Casa de Oliveira Vianna, Niterói, Brazil (hereafter COV), OVN-CP-0065.04.

2 ‘Dr. Moses J. Aronson Resigns’, The New Scholasticism, 15 (July 1941), p. 284.

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9 Political scientists in the 1970s and 1980s took systematic interest in corporatism. While they attempted to disassociate corporatism from its pejorative connotations, their focus on Latin America and southern Europe cemented it as an authoritarian solution for underdeveloped nations: Wiarda, Howard, Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great ‘Ism’ (Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 1997)Google Scholar; Wiarda, Howard, Corporatism and National Development in Latin America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1981)Google Scholar; Williamson, Peter, Varieties of Corporatism: A Conceptual Discussion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)Google Scholar.

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20 Sociologist João Batista de Vasconcelos Torres quoted in Vieira, Evaldo Amaro, Oliveira Vianna e o estado corporativo: Um estudo sobre corporativismo e autoritarismo (São Paulo: Editorial Grijalbo, 1976), p. 28Google Scholar.

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24 Nelson Werneck Sodré argued this point, based only on Populações meridionais do Brasil I. Sodré, Nelson Werneck, A ideologia do colonialismo: Seus reflexos no pensamento brasileiro (Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1965), pp. 165–253Google Scholar.

25 Ângela de Castro Gomes called him ‘the last of the saquaremas’, a nineteenth-century party of landed elites: de Castro Gomes, Ângela, ‘O práxis corporativa de Oliveira Vianna’, in de Moraes, João Quartim and Bastos, Élide Rugai (eds.), O pensamento de Oliveira Vianna (Campinas: Editora Unicamp, 1993), p. 57Google Scholar.

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27 Diniz, Eli, ‘O pensamento autoritário dos anos 30’, Ciência Hoje, 5: 29 (March 1987), pp. 60–5Google Scholar; Vieira, Oliveira Vianna e o estado corporativo; Silva, Ricardo, A ideologia do estado autoritário no Brasil (Chapecó: Argos Editora Universitária, 2004)Google Scholar; de Castro Gomes, Ângela, ‘Autoritarismo e corporativismo no Brasil: O legado de Vargas’, in Bastos, Pedro Paulo Zahluth and Fonseca, Pedro Cezar Dutra (eds.), A era Vargas: Desenvolvimentismo, economia e sociedade (São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 2011), pp. 69–92Google Scholar.

28 Moraes and Bastos rehabilitated the study of Oliveira Vianna with their canonical volume, O pensamento de Oliveira Vianna.

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30 Vianna, Oliveira's most emblematic work on this topic is Raça e assimilação, 2nd edn (São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1934)Google Scholar. See also de Souza Ramos, Jair, ‘Ciência e racismo: Uma leitura crítica de Raça e assimilação em Oliveira Vianna’, História, Ciências, Saúde–Manguinhos, 10: 2 (2003), pp. 573–601CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Skidmore, Thomas, Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993), p. 204CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Populações meridionais do Brasil was a three-volume series (only the first was published in his lifetime). It identified three societies in Brazil: the sertanejo in the north, matuto for the south-centre, and gaúcho of the south, each with a distinct racial composition and born from particular geo-climatic circumstances. The challenge for any government was to unify these into a nation. Oliveira Vianna, Populações meridionais do Brasil I, p. 52.

32 Burke, Peter and Pallares-Burke, Maria Lúcia, Gilberto Freyre: Social Theory in the Tropics (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2008)Google Scholar.

33 Oliveira Vianna vowed to never read another book by Freyre, and seemed true to his word since only one of Freyre's books is in his library. Oliveira Vianna to his editor, n.d. [likely 1933/4], COV, OVN-CA-0001.16.

34 Oliveira Vianna, Populações meridionais do Brasil I, p. 173.

35 Oliveira Vianna, legal opinion on Chinese immigration, n.d., COV, Box 6 [pareceres, ‘legal opinions’], no. 2286.

36 Ibid.

37 Oliveira Vianna, Evolução do povo brasileiro, p. 246.

38 Oliveira Vianna, Populações meridionais do Brasil I, p. 193.

39 Oliveira Vianna, Evolução do povo brasileiro, p. 120.

40 de Oliveira Vianna, Francisco José, O idealismo da constituição (São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1939), p. 84Google Scholar.

41 Ibid., p. 69.

42 Ibid., p. 68.

43 Ibid., p. 94.

44 On the political potency of the category ‘Anglo-Saxon civilisation’, Kramer, Paul, ‘Empires, Exceptions and Anglo-Saxons: Race and Rule between the British and United States Empires, 1880–1910’, The Journal of American History, 88: 4 (2002), pp. 1315–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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56 Ibid.

57 Citing Charles Merriam's New Aspects of Politics (1925), de Oliveira Vianna, Francisco José, Problemas de política objetiva, 2nd edn (São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1947), pp. 172–3Google Scholar.

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59 Oliveira Vianna, n.d. [1932/3], COV, OVN-CA-0001.10.

60 Ibid.

61 Skidmore, Thomas E., Politics in Brazil, 1930–1964: An Experiment in Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 4–21Google Scholar.

62 Domingos Velasco, socialist-leaning delegate from Goiás, quoting Populações Meridionais do Brasil I, 14 Dec. 1933, Annaes da Assembléa Nacional Constituinte 1933/1934, Vol. 2 (Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1935), pp. 294–8Google Scholar.

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70 On Ferreira, Dulles, John F., The São Paulo Law School and the Anti-Vargas Resistance, 1938–1945 (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1986), pp. 10–30Google Scholar.

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72 Essays published serially in Sunday editions of Jornal do Commercio in August 1937.

73 Problemas de direito corporativo is relatively unknown among Oliveira Vianna's writings. A handful of scholars have examined these legal essays, yet often narrowly, as a summary of his project for labour relations: Vanda Maria Ribeiro Costa, ‘Corporativismo e justiça social: O projeto de Oliveira Vianna’, in Moraes and Bastos (eds.), O pensamento de Oliveira Vianna, pp. 131–43. More recently, Luciano Aronne de Abreu has considered the essays in the context of interwar authoritarian thought, comparing Oliveira Vianna with Manoïlesco to analyse whether Brazilian corporatism conforms to an ideal type: de Abreu, Luciano Aronne, ‘Sindicalismo e corporativismo no Brasil: O olhar autoritário de Oliveira Viana’, in de Abreu, Luciano Aronne and Motta, Rodrigo Patto Sá (eds.), Autoritarismo e cultura política (Porto Alegre: Editora FGV, 2013), pp. 109–20Google Scholar. We lack, still, an analysis of Problemas de direito corporativo in its wider global legal context, and in relation to the foreign examples mobilised within the text.

74 Oliveira Vianna, Problemas de direito corporativo, p. 28.

75 Ibid., p. vii.

76 Kennedy, Duncan, ‘Three Globalizations of Law and Legal Thought: 1850–2000’, in Trubek, David and Santos, Alvaro (eds.), The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 21–2Google Scholar.

77 Oliveira Vianna, Problemas de direito corporativo, p. 38.

78 Ibid., p. 64.

79 Oliveira Vianna generalised the mechanics of the Amendment, but captured its spirit. Riches, E. J., ‘Compulsory Arbitration in New Zealand’, Personnel Journal (April 1937), pp. 350–9Google Scholar.

80 Oliveira Vianna, Problemas de direito corporativo, p. 89.

81 Ibid.

82 Ibid., p. 87.

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88 Critiques of the New Deal abound. See Ira Katznelson's work for its international perspective, especially the ambivalent position of US statesmen towards European dictators, and for recasting the role of segregationists in New Deal policy-making: Katznelson, Ira, Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time (New York: Liveright Publishing, 2013)Google Scholar.

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96 Oliveira Vianna, Problemas de direito corporativo, p. 65.

97 Highlighted by Vianna, Oliveira, Pound, Roscoe, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1930), pp. 138–9Google Scholar, COV, library ref. 340.1P875i.

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99 Oliveira Vianna marginalia and underlining, ibid., p. 99.

100 Little research exists on Oliveira Vianna's pareceres. This author read through thousands, archived at Casa de Oliveira Vianna, to make these observations. See ‘José Wetting contra Khair Irmãos’, 10 Aug. 1932, COV, Box 2 [pareceres], no. 1782.

101 Oliveira Vianna, Problemas de direito corporativo, pp. 48–51.

102 Carvalho, ‘A Utopia de Oliveira Viana’, p. 208.

103 Agamenon Magalhães, ‘Problemas de direito corporativo’, Correio Paulistano, 3 July 1938.

104 Oliveira Vianna to Valdemar Falcão (Labour Minister), May/June 1936, CPDOC, Arquivo Valdemar Falcão, VFpiViana, F.J.O.38/05/06.00.

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113 Ibid.

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128 Ibid.

129 George R. Farnum (Boston lawyer and Aronson's friend) to Oliveira Vianna, 10 April 1939, COV, OVN-CP-0298.01.

130 Underlined in original. Aronson to Oliveira Vianna, 14 April 1939, COV, OVN-CP-0065.01.

131 Aronson to Oliveira Vianna, 11 July 1939, COV, OVN-CP-0065.02

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136 ‘Dr. Moses J. Aronson Resigns’, p. 285.

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139 Ibid., pp. 155–6.

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