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From Colony to Republic: a Case Study in Bureaucratic Change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2009

William Lofstrom
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Extract

It is axiomatic, but certainly deserving of periodic repetition, that the long-term configuration of political, social and economic institutions in Iberian America has been determined both by the apparatus, operation and rationale of the metropolitan state, as well as by the premises and patterns of colonization. Equally apparent is the premise that the politico-administrative crisis associated with the achievement of independence in early nineteenth-century Latin America must be studied in the light of this ‘set’ of New World institutions, and particularly in relation to what Richard Morse calls the Spanish patrimonial state.

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Articles
Information
Journal of Latin American Studies , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , November 1973 , pp. 177 - 197
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1973

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References

1 Richard, Morse, ‘The Heritage of Latin America’, in Louis, Hartz and others, The Founding of New Societies; Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia (New York, 1964), pp. 143, 161.Google Scholar

2 Ibid., p. 155.

3 Ibid., p. 154.

4 Ibid., p. 157.

5 Ibid., p. 140

6 Ibid., p. 137.

7 Ibid., p. 162.

8 Villoro, L., La revolución de independencia (Mexico, 1953), p. 194,Google Scholar quoted in Morse, , op. cit., p. 162.Google Scholar

9 Morse, , op. cit., p. 162.Google Scholar

10 On the independence movement in Upper Peru and the creation of the Republic of Bolivia, see Arnade, Charles W., The Emergence of the Republic of Bolivia (Gainesville, Fla., 1957);Google ScholarJosé, Fellmann Velarde, Historia de Bolivia (3 vols., La Paz, 1968–1970);Google ScholarSabino, Pinilla, La creación de Bolivia (Madrid, 1917);Google Scholar and Jorge, Mallo, Historia de la jundación de Bolivia i lo que fue para ella la administración Sucre, … (Sucre, 1871).Google Scholar

11 On the reforms undertaken during the Sucre administration, see my study, The Promise and Problem of Reform: Attempted Social and Economic Change in the First Years of Bolivian Independence (Cornell University Latin American Studies Program Dissertation Series, 1972).Google Scholar

12 Bolivia, , Colección oficial de leycs, decretos, órdenes, resoluciones &c.… (5 vols., Paz de Ayacucho [La Paz], 1834–1835), 1, 4.Google Scholar

13 On the accomplishments of the Assembly of 1825 and the Constitutional draft requested from Bolívar, see Bolivia, . Libro mayor de sesiones de la Asamblea de representantes del Alto Peru instalada en lo de junio de 1825 (La Paz, 1926);Google ScholarBolivia. Libro menor de sesiones secretas de los Señores Diputados que coin ponen la Asambica General del Alto Perú, instalada el I0 de Julio de 1825 … (La Paz, n.d.); Arnade, , op. cit., pp. 183–205;Google ScholarSimón, Bolívar, Proyecto de constitución para la República de Bolivia y discurso del Libertador (Lima, 1826).Google Scholar

14 On the Constituent Congress of 1826, see Bolivia, . Redactor de la Asamblea constituycnte del año 1826 (La Paz, 1917);Google ScholarJosé, María Rey de Castro, Recuerdos del tiempo heróico. Pajinas de la vida militar i politica del gran Mariscal de Ayacucho, … in Universidad de San Francisco Xavier (Sucre), 13 (1945), 72–84;Google Scholar Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 12 May 1826; 20 May 1826; 27 May 1826; 26 June 1826; 24 Aug. 1826; 20 Sept. 1826 in Daniel, Florencio O'Leary, Memorias del General O'Leary, … vol. I, ‘Correspondencia de hombres notables con el Libertador’(Caracas, 1879–1888), pp. 324, 327, 329–31, 340, 382, 391; Public Record Office, London, F.O. 61/12, Great Britain, Consulate General, Lima, Report on the Bolivian Republic. Prepared by John Barclay Pentland, 1827, f. 233v passim (hereafter cited as ‘Pentland’); and El Cóndor de Bolivia (Chuquisaca), nos. 20; supp. to 20, 21, 22, 23, 26; supp. to 26, 27, 52 (April 1826 through Nov. 1826).Google Scholar

15 Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 4 Oct. 1826; 12 Oct. 1826 in O'Leary, , loc. cit., pp. 400, 403; El Cóndor, supp. to no. 47, 28 10 1826, 5; and Mallo, pp. 54–5.Google Scholar

16 El Cóndor, no. 49, 9 11 1826, 2; Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 12 1826 in O'Leary, , loc. cit., p. 412.Google Scholar For the final draft of the constitution, see Bolivia, . Constitución de la República Boliviana impresa en Chuquisaca… (Chuquisaca, 1826).Google Scholar

17 Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 20 Dec. 1826 in O'Leary, , p. 415;Google Scholar Pentland, f. 222; Charles, M. Ricketts, quoted in Humphreys, R. A., ed., British Consular Reports on the Trade and Politics of Latin America, 1824–1826 (London, 1940), p. 216.Google Scholar

18 On ecclesiastical reforms undertaken during the Sucre administration, see my The Promise and Problem of Reform, pp. 109–276;Google Scholar and on fiscal reform, Ibid., pp. 379–524. For the decree suppressing the town councils, see Colección oficial, 1834–1835, 1, 235 6.

19 Archivo Nacional de Bolivia (ANB), Minisrerio del Interior (MI), 19, 16 draft, Facundo Infante to Prefect of Potosí, Chuquisaca, 24 June 1826 (155).

20 Sucre to Bolívar, La Paz, 24 Feb. 1825 in Antonio, José de Sucre, Cartas de Sucre al Libertador (1820–1830) (2 vols., Madrid, 1919), 1, 309.Google Scholar

21 Decree of 11 Jan. 1825 in Gazeta del Gobierno (Lima), vol. 7, no. 5.

22 ANB, MI, 3, II, José Miguel Lanza to Sucre, La Paz, 12 Feb. 1825, 25 Feb. 1825; ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Lanza, La Paz, 22 Feb. 1825; draft, Sucre to Cabildo eclesiástico, cabildo municipal and Juez de cornercio, La Paz, 22 Feb. 1825.

23 ANB, MI, 3, 12, Carlos María de Ortega to Sucre, Oruro, 23 Feb. 1825, 28 Feb. 1825, 5 Mar. 1825, 7 Mar. 1825; ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Ortega, La Paz, 22 Feb. 1825; draft, Sucre to Andrés de Santa Cruz, Potosí, 9 Apr. 1825; ANB, MI, 5, 18, Municipality of Chuquisaca to Sucre, 27 Apr. 1825; ANB, MI, 3, 10, Junta to Sucre, 4 May 1825.

24 ANB, MI, 4, 13 [List of employees in Potosí], Potosí, 7 Apr. [and 16 ?] 1825.

25 ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Junta, Porosí, 7 Apr. 1825. For the composition of the junta in Potosí, see ANB, MI, 4, 13, Casimiro Olañeta to Sucre [Chuquisaca ?], 7 May 1825.

26 ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Commander of Cochabamba Division, La Paz, II Feb. 1825, 19 Feb. 1825.

27 ANB, MI, 4, 13, Casimiro Olañeta to Sucre [Chuquisaca ?], 7 May 1825.

28 ANB, MI, 4, 23 [List of employees in Potosí], Potosí, 7 Apr. [and 16 ?] 1825.

29 ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Guillermo Miller, Chuquisaca, 13 May 1825; ANB, MI, 8, 62 draft, Sucre to Felipe Santiago Estenós, Potosí, 15 Oct. 1825 (77); Sucre to Casimiro Olañeta, n.d., reprinted in El Nacional de Bolivia (Chuquisaca), no. 20, 25 Dec. 1828, 1–2; ANB, MI, 4, 13 [Fragment of draft of correspondence, Guillermo Miller to Sucre, Potosí, 30 June 1825].

30 ANB, MI, 8, 62 draft, Sucre to Estenós, Potosí, 15 Oct. 1825 (77); ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Miller, Chuquisaca, 13 May 1825.

31 ANB, Ml, 4, 13, Miller to Sucre, Potosí, 19 May 1825 (34).

32 John, Miller, Memoirs of General Miller, in the Service of the Republic of Peru (2nd ed., 2 vols., London, 1829), II, 282; ANB, MI, 4, 13 [Appointments made in Potosí], Sept. 1825 (burned).Google Scholar

33 Facundo Infante, quoted in [Simón Rodríguez], El Libertador del medio día de América y sus compañeros de armas, defendidos por un amigo de la cause social (Arequipa, 1830), p. 59.Google Scholar

34 Order of I Dec. 1825 in Colecciín oficial, 1834—1835, 1, 63–4.Google Scholar

35 ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to General Francisco Javier Aguilera, La Paz, 22 Feb. 1825.

36 Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 12 July 1826, in Sucre, Cartas, II, 62.

37 Sucre to Bolívar, Potosí, 29 Mar. 1825, in O'Leary, 221−2; Chuquisaca, 16 June 1825; La Paz, 28 July 1825, in Sucre, Cartas, 1, 355, 380.

38 ANB, MI, 3, II, José María Guerrero to Sucre, La Paz, 18 June 1825; Pablo Manuel Segovia to Sucre, La Paz, 19 Oct. 1825; ANB, MI, 5, 19, Municipality of La Paz to Sucre, 21 June 1825.

39 ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Gobernador polItico and Intendente dc hacienda of La Paz, Potosí, 12 Oct. 1825; ANB, MI, 12, 15, Andrés de Santa Cruz to Infante, La Paz, 5 Feb. 1826 (22); and (29) of same date. For biography of Santa Cruz, see Alfonso, Crespo Rodas, Santa Cruz, el cóndor indio (Mexico, 1944).Google Scholar

40 ANB, MI, 9, I, Secretary of the Permanent Deputation to Infante, Chuquisaca, 21 Apr. 1826; El Fénix (Lima), no. 13, 26 Jan. 1828; ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Gregorio Fernández, Chuquisaca, 30 Apr. 1825; ANB, Ministerio de Guerra (MG), 12, 13, Fernández to Minister of War, La Paz, 27 Mar. 1828.

41 Lofstrom, , The Promise and Problem of Reform, 79–81.Google Scholar

42 ANB, MI, 8, 63, draft, Sucre to Miller, Chuquisaca, 30 Apr. 1825; draft, Sucre to Leandro Usín, Chuquisaca, 30 Apr. 1825; draft, Sucre to Fernández, Chuquisaca, 30 Apr. 1825; ANB, MI, 8, 62, draft, Sucre to Estenós, Potosf, 15 Oct. 1825; Miller, Memoirs, II, 28; ANB, MI, I, 3, Estenós to Sucre, Potosí, 17 Oct. 1825; ANB, MI, 8, 63, draft, Sucre to Miller, Porosí, 17 Oct. 1825. For biography of Miller, see Miller, , Memoirs; and Dictionary of National Biography (London, 1921–1922), XIII, 426–7.Google Scholar For biography of Urdininea, see José, Domingo Cortés, Diccionario biográfico americano (Paris, 1876), p. 381, and a clipping from an unidentified newspaper, reprinting an article from La llustración sudamericana (Buenos Aires, n.d.), bound in Biblioteca Nacional de Bolivia, Colección Moreno, no. 830.Google Scholar

43 ANB, MI, 13, 17, José Maria Pérez de Urdininea to Infante, Potosí, 24 Feb. 1826; Sucre to Bolívar, Potosí, 28 Feb. 1826; 9 Mar. 1826, in O'Leary, 299, 301−2.

44 Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 27 Mar. 1826, in Sucre, Cartas, II, 413; ANB, MI, 9, I, Secretary of Permanent Deputation to Infante, Chuquisaca, 21 Apr. 1826.

45 Edmond, Temple, Travels in Various Parts of Peru, Including a Year's Residence in Potosí (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1833), II, 225;Google Scholar‘Rasgos biográficos del General León Galindo’, in Carlos, Blanco Galindo, ed., Cartas del General Antonio José de Sucre (La Paz, 1918), pp. 1–9;Google Scholar [Terrazas, M.], A la memoria del Jeneral León Galindo (Cochabamba, 1865), pp. 1–5;Google Scholar ANB, MI, 19, 21 draft, Minister of Interior to Prefect of Potosí, Chuquisaca, 2 May 1826; ANB, MI, 18, 20, León Galindo to Infante, Potosí, 20 Apr. 1827 (65); Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 20 Aug. 1826, 24 Aug. 1826; La Paz, 11 Jan. 1828, in Sucre, Cartas, 11, 88, 93, 226; Sucre to Galindo, Chuquisaca, 15 July 1826, 9 Aug. 1826, 7 Sept. 1827, 23 Oct. 1827, in Blanco, Galindo, Cartas, 49, 97–8, 168, 177–8; and El Cóndor, no. 112, 24 Jan. 1828, pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

46 Temple, , op. cit., II, 233–4. See also n. 97, p. 104, in Lofstrom, The Promise and Problem of Reform for further discussion on the problem of civilian-military relations during the Sucre administration.Google Scholar

47 ANB, MI, 5, 17, Municipality of Cochabamba to Sucre, 24 Feb. 1825, describes Sánchez as Argentinian. Francisco, Burdett O'Connor, Independencia americana. Recuerdos de Francisco Burdet: O'Connor… (Madrid, 1915), however, describes him as Chilean (pp. 163, 170).Google Scholar

48 ANB, MI, 5, 17, Municipality of Cochabamba to Sucre, 24 Feb. 1825; ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Commander of Cochabamba, La Paz, 11 Feb. 1825; ANB, MI, 5, 57, copy of Ayuntamiento to President of Department, Cochabamba, 3 Feb. 1825, in Municipality of Cochabamba to Sucre, 11 Mar. 1825; ANB, MI, 6, 32 copy, Mariano Guzmán to Sánchez, Cochabamba, 23 Feb. 1825, in Sánchez to Sucre, Cochabamba, 24 Feb. 1825; ANB, MI, 2, 9, Mariano Guzmán to Sucre, Cochabamba, 24 Feb. 1825.

49 ANB, MI, 8, 63, draft, Sucre to Municipality of Cochabamba, Oruro, 17 Mar. 1825.

50 ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Mariano Guzmán, La Paz, 5 Mar. 1825; ANB, MI, 2, 9, José María Plaza to Sucre, Cochabamba, 18 Mar. 1825, 19 Mar. 1825, 24 Mar. 1825, 20 May 1825 (92); ANB, MG, 4, Plaza to Minister of War, Cochabamba, 24 Dec. 1826; ANB, MI, 5, 17, Municipality of Cochabamba to Sucre, 26 Mar. 1825, 27 May 1825.

51 See Lofstrom, , The Promise and Problem of Reform, pp. 85–6, for the political situation in Chuquisaca immediately after the liberation of Upper Peru.Google Scholar

52 Blanco, Galindo, Cartas, p. 2.Google Scholar

53 For creation of cabinet, see decree of 13 Jan. 1826, in Colección oficial, 1834–1835, 1, 116–17. For biography of Geraldino, see Pentland, ff. 23iv-232v.Google Scholar

54 For biography of Infante, see Diccionario enciclopédico hispano-americano de literatura, ciencias y artes (Barcelona, 1892), 1, 875–6;Google ScholarEnciclopédia universal ilustrada (Barcelona, 1925), v, 28, part I, 1400; and anon. Anotaciones de un patriota al N° 9 del Fénix de Lima en el arilculo ‘Ojeada sobre Bolivia’ (Chuquisaca, 1827). Infante is much better known for his activities in Spain, where he served as Minister of War, Military Governor of Madrid, a member of the Consejo de Estado in the 1860s, several times deputy in the Cortes, a life senator, President of the Congress and Minister of Government, dying in Madrid in 1873 at the age of eighty-seven.Google Scholar

55 Pentland, ff. 231-231v; ANB, MI, 6, 32, Antonio Saturnino Sánchez to Sucre, Cochabamba, 15 Feb. 1825; ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Sánchez, La Paz, 1 Mar. 1825; ANB, MI. 3, 12; Rufino Martinez to Sucre, Oruro, 20 Mar. 1825, 25 Mar. 1825 and 30 Mar. 1825.

56 ANB, MI, 6, 42, Infante's signature appears in a marginal note returning a petition of two officers of the Pichincha Regiment, which had been submitted to Sucre.

57 ANB, MI, 8, 63 draft, Sucre to Coronel of Grenadiers Regiment, Chuquisaca, 10 Nov. 1825.

58 Temple, 11, 19; Pentland, ff. 231-231v.

59 See a circular dated 31 Mar. 1826, in Colección oficial, 1834–1835, 1, 176; and ANB, Ministerio de Hacienda (MH), I, I, Secretary of Permanent Deputation to Infante, Chuquisaca, 21 Mar. 1826.Google Scholar

60 Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 27 Mar. 1826, in Sucre, , Cartas, I, 412; Pentland, ff. 232v-233.Google Scholar

61 Sucre to León Galindo Chuquisaca, 23 Aug. 1827, in Blanco, Galindo, Cartas, 164;Google Scholar ANB, MI, 15, 7, Juan Bernabé y Madero to Infante, Chuquisaca, 29 Aug. 1827; El Cóndor, no. 93, 53 Sept. 1827, 2; ANB, MI, 20, 4, President of Supreme Court to Minister of Interior, Chuquisaca, 8 Nov. 1828; and Bolivia. Colección oficial de leycs, decretos y órdenes del congreso y del gobierno de la República boliviana (I vol. in 3, Chuquisaca, 1835), part II, 788–9.Google Scholar

62 Temple, , op. cit., II, 18; Pentland, ff. 233-233v.Google Scholar

63 ANB, MI, II, 14, Angel Mariano Moscoso to Minister of Finance, Potosí, 16 09 1828 (17).

64 O'Connor, , op. cit., p. 105.Google Scholar

65 On the political disintegration of the Sucre gevernment and the developement of open hostility between Bolivia and Peru, see Lofstrom, , The Promise and problem of Reform, pp. 525–95.Google Scholar

66 Ibid., pp. 557–8.

67 Miguel, María Aguirre, Ajuste de Piquiza en 1828 (Cochabamba, 1871), p. 8;Google Scholar ANB, MI, 21, 19, Manuel, Ruiz to Minister General, 29 07 1828; 14 08. 1828 (14); Sucre to Boilvar, Chuquisaca, 19 09 1827, in O'Leary, 455.Google Scholar

68 El Nacional de Bolivia, no. 3, 21 08 1828, 4; no. 20, 25 Dec. 1828, 2; Biblioteca Nacional de Bolivia, Colección Rück no. 441, Casimiro Olañeta to Angel Mariano Moscoso, La Paz, 29 Oct. 1828.Google Scholar