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Women out of Place? A Micro-historical Perspective on the Black Feminist Movement in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2007

CECILIA MCCALLUM
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil and Honorary Research Fellow, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester.

Abstract

In Brazil, black women are symbolically and practically associated with domestic work. The article examines feminist responses to black women's place in the socio-economic hierarchy of the city of Salvador, Bahia. These include proposals to introduce affirmative action and a ‘politics of presence’, involving the election of black women to represent the city's black female constituency. It describes the racial dynamics at work between black and white feminists in Bahia, signalling the contradictory tendencies that structure their relationship. Arguing against the view that a ‘politics of identity’ necessarily supports a new essentialism of race or culture, the article describes the diverse ideological and political influences upon the ideas and proposals of Bahian feminists. Black feminists construct racial difference as experiential and structural in origin. They adapt academic concepts and language in order to discuss their own lives and the specific social and cultural context of Salvador. The ethnographic and micro-historical perspective adopted here provides insight into ‘native’ understandings of affirmative action and a ‘politics of presence’ and suggests that criticisms of these measures on the grounds that they represent imported, non-Brazilian views of race are misplaced.

En Brasil las mujeres negras están asociadas simbólica y prácticamente con el trabajo doméstico. El artículo examina las respuestas feministas al lugar de las mujeres negras en la jerarquía socioeconómica de la ciudad de Salvador, Bahía. Éincluyen propuestas para introducir la acción afirmativa y una “política de presencia” en la vida pública, lo que significa la elección de mujeres negras para representar al electorado femenino negro de la ciudad. También describe las dinámicas raciales en el trabajo entre feministas negras y blancas en Bahía, indicando las tendencias contradictorias que estructuran su relación. Al argumentar en contra de la idea de que una “política de identidad” necesariamente respalda un nuevo esencialismo de raza o cultura, el artículo describe las diversas influencias ideológicas y políticas alrededor de las ideas y propuestas de las feministas de Bahía. Las feministas negras construyen la diferencia racial como experiencial y estructural en su origen. Ellas adaptan conceptos y lenguajes académicos con el fin de discutir sus propias vidas y el contexto cultural y social específico de Salvador. La perspectiva etnográfica y micro-histórica adoptada aquí provee luces sobre los entendimientos “nativos” de la acción afirmativa y de una “política de presencia” y sugiere que una crítica en base a que representa un enfoque importado y no brasileño no tiene razón de ser.

Mulheres negras no Brasil são associadas ao trabalho doméstico tanto em termos simbólicos quanto práticos. O artigo examina reações feministas à posição da mulher negra na hierarquia sócio-econômica da cidade de Salvador, na Bahia. Essas reações incluem propostas para introduzir ações afirmativas e uma política de presença, envolvendo a eleição de mulheres negras para representar o contingente negro feminino. As dinâmicas raciais operantes entre feministas brancas e negras na Bahia são descritas demonstrando as tendências contraditórias que estruturam suas relações. Contestando o ponto-de-vista de que uma ‘política de identidade’ necessariamente sustenta uma nova essencialidade de raça ou cultura, o artigo descreve as diversas influências políticas e ideológicas sob as idéias e propostas de feministas baianas. Feministas negras constroem a diferença racial com origem em estrutura e experiência. Elas adaptam conceitos e linguagem acadêmicos para discutir suas próprias vidas e os contextos social e cultural específicos de Salvador. A perspectiva etnográfica e micro-histórica adotada aqui fornece uma compreensão de entendimentos ‘natos’ da ação afirmativa e da política de presença, e sugere que são equivocadas as críticas destas medidas baseadas no argumento de que elas representam perspectivas não-brasileiras.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2006 Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

Fieldwork for this article was funded by the British Academy and the Nuffield Foundation and writing facilitated by a Simon Fellowship at the Social Anthropology Department of Manchester University. Earlier versions were presented at the Anthropology Seminar, Goldsmiths College, University of London; in a workshop organised by Marcio Goldman and Miriam Hartung at the 2004 meeting of the Brazilian Association of Anthropologists; MUSA/ISC in the Federal University of Bahia; and the University of Coimbra. My thanks to the organisers and participants. Special thanks are due to Peter Wade, Marcio Goldman and the anonymous reviewers at JLAS for their comments. I am indebted to informants in Salvador for their cooperation and insights. Responsibility for the article is mine alone.