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Culture, Politics and the Cold War: The Sociedad de Escritores de Chile in the 1950s
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 February 2019
Abstract
In the 1950s, the Sociedad de Escritores de Chile experienced bitter disputes caused by the efforts of the Chilean Committee for Cultural Freedom, the local branch of a major institution in the US cultural Cold War, to gain control of the association. These disputes reveal the role played by the cultural Cold War in the breakdown of older political and intellectual alliances in Chile. They also highlight the transnational networks that connected Chilean writers during the Cold War, and the complex articulation of local and international contexts and agendas that influenced Chilean cultural and political groups.
Spanish abstract
En la década de 1950, la Sociedad de Escritores de Chile atravesó un período de duras disputas causadas por los intentos de ganar el control de la asociación por parte del Comité Chileno por la Libertad de la Cultura, la filial local de una organización central en la Guerra Fría cultural estadounidense. Estas disputas revelan el papel que jugó la Guerra Fría cultural en el quiebre de antiguas alianzas políticas e intelectuales en Chile. Asimismo, los conflictos echan luz sobre las redes transnacionales que vincularon a los escritores chilenos durante la Guerra Fría y sobre la compleja articulación de contextos y agendas locales e internacionales que influyeron sobre grupos culturales y políticos chilenos.
Portuguese abstract
Durante a década de 1950, a Sociedade de Escritores do Chile enfrentou disputas intensas com o Comitê pela Liberdade Cultural do Chile – o braço local de uma grande instituição da Guerra Fria cultural estado-unidense – que tentava ganhar o controle da associação. Estas disputas revelam o papel que desempenhou a Guerra Fria cultural na quebra de velhas alianças políticas e culturais no Chile. Também destacam as redes transnacionais que conectavam os escritores chilenos durante a Guerra Fria, a articulação complexa de contextos locais e internacionais e as agendas que influenciavam grupos culturais e políticos.
Keywords
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- Research Article
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- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019
References
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17 Baráibar to Josselson, Santiago, 5 July 1953, IACF records, series 2, box 204OC, folder 6; Janello, ‘Intelectuales de la Guerra Fría’, pp. 79–83.
18 Other renowned falangistas who would develop important political careers in the following decades, such as Eduardo Frei and Radomiro Tomic, were close to the committee and participated in its activities during the 1950s.
19 SECH, Libro de Actas No. 1 – Actas – Estatutos – Julio 1933–Noviembre 1941 (hereafter Libro de Actas 1933–1941), pp. 1–3.
20 SECH, ‘Estatutos’, Libro de Actas 1933–1941, pp. 5–15.
21 SECH, board meetings of 12 May 1934 and 20 June 1936, Libro de Actas 1933–1941, pp. 125–8 and 135 respectively.
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25 SECH, board meeting, 28 July 1936, Libro de Actas 1933–1941, p. 144; ‘Federico García Lorca’, Revista de la SECH, 3 (1936), p. 2.
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29 SECH, Asamblea General, 3 April 1939, Libro de Actas 1933–1941, p. 260.
30 Baráibar to Gorkin, Santiago, 1 Sept. 1954, IACF records, series 2, box 204OC, folder 8.
31 Baráibar to Michael Joselsson, Santiago, 5 July 1953, IACF records, series 2, box 2014OC, folder 6. In addition to leftists such as Romero and José Santos González Vera, SECH's boards in the 1930s included conservatives such as Agustín Edwards and Januario Espinosa.
32 Such was the case of Amanda Labarca, eventually ChCCF's president in the late 1950s, Marta Brunet, who participated actively in the Chilean PEN Club in the 1950s, and Eduardo Barrios, SECH's vice-president in 1944 and president in 1945 and 1946.
33 Stonor Saunders, Cultural Cold War, pp. 62–6; Iber, Neither Peace, pp. 95–9; Janello, ‘El Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura’, pp. 30–2.
34 This was the case of Julio Barrenechea, Marta Brunet and Amanda Labarca. Subercaseaux, Política y cultura, p. 63; Moraga Valle and Peñaloza Palma, ‘España’, p. 73; Mariano Ruperthutz Honorato, ‘¡Salvemos a Freud! Juan Marín, Pablo Neruda, la Alianza de Intelectuales y las vicisitudes de un intento de asilo político al creador del psicoanálisis en Chile (1938)’, Nuevo Mundo. Mundos Nuevos (2014), online at https://nuevomundo.revues.org/67241 (last access 2 Aug. 2018).
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38 SECH, board meeting of 28 Sept. 1953, Libro de Actas 1953–1956, p. 15.
39 SECH, board meeting of 4 May and 11 May 1953, Libro de Actas 1951–1953, pp. 188–9 and 191 respectively.
40 SECH, board meetings of 12 March 1951, Libro de Actas 1948–1951, p. 117.
41 SECH, board meeting of 12 March 1951 and Asamblea General de Miembros, 16 April 1951, Libro de Actas 1948–1951, pp. 153 and 164 respectively.
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46 SECH, extraordinary board meeting, 27 Nov. 1953, and board meeting, 7 Dec. 1953, Libro de Actas 1953–1956, pp. 25–6 and 28 respectively.
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51 SECH, board meetings of 16 May and 30 May, 1955, Libro de Actas 1953–1956, pp. 149–50.
52 SECH, board meeting of 20 June 1955, Libro de Actas 1953–1956, p. 154.
53 SECH, board meeting of 1 August 1955, Libro de Actas 1953–1956, p. 160.
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55 André Germain to Joselsson, 22 Nov. 1956, IACF records, series 2, box 204OC, folder 10.
56 Germain, ‘Compte-Rendu des activités du Comité Chilien du Congrès pour la Liberté de la Culture pendant l'année 1957’, IACF records, series 2, box 131OC, folder 2.
57 Pablo Neruda to the Director of El Mercurio, Santiago, 22 Dec. 1956, National Library of Chile, Santiago, Colección Archivo del Escritor-Manuscritos (hereafter CAE-M), Neruda 076.
58 Germain to John Hunt, Santiago, 24 Jan. 1957, IACF records, series 2, box 204OC, folder 10.
59 SECH, board meeting of 29 Nov. 1956, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, p. 22.
60 SECH, Junta Ordinaria Anual de Socios, 9 April 1957 and board meeting of 22 April 1957, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, pp. 29–30 and 31–2 respectively.
61 Baráibar to Gorkin, Santiago, 16 April 1957, IACF records, series, 2, box 216, folder 3.
62 SECH, board meeting, 1 July, 1957, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, p. 56; Feinstein, Neruda, p. 310.
63 ‘Gorkin ataca: Stalin era un loco al que Neruda dedicó sus poemas’, Las Noticias de Última Hora, 4 April 1958, n.p.; El Siglo, 5 April 1958, p. 3, both in IACF records, series 2, box 205OC, folder 3.
64 Baráibar to Joselsson, 7 April 1958, IACF records, series 2, box 112, folder 1; SECH, Asamblea Ordinaria de Socios, 31 March 1958, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, p. 115.
65 Juan de Sur, ‘Mr. Gorkin y la SECH’, El Siglo, 6 April 1958, IACF records, series 2, box 205, folder 3.
66 SECH, Junta Ordinaria Anual de Socios and board meeting, 14 April 1958, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, pp. 117–21.
67 ‘Puntos de Vista’, Política y Espíritu, 198 (1958), p. 4.
68 Matilde Ladrón de Guevara to Hugo Emilio Pedemonte, Santiago, 23 April 1958, CAE-M, Ladrón de Guevara 0236.
69 Those active in the ChCCF included the re-elected secretary-general of the PEN Club, Chela Reyes, her husband, Luis Meléndez, and Amanda Labarca, who was the ChCCF vice-president. Marta Brunet and Hernán Poblete, also elected to the PEN Club board, were very close to and participated in ChCCF activities. Baráibar to Gorkin, 25 Aug. 1958, IACF records, series 2, box 217, folder 6.
70 Paseyro, Ricardo, ‘El mito Neruda’, Cuadernos, 28 (1958), pp. 37–48Google Scholar; Jiménez, Juan Ramón, ‘Un gran mal poeta’, Cuadernos, 30 (1958), p. 59Google Scholar.
71 SECH, board meeting, 21 April 1958, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, p. 122.
72 SECH, board meeting, 28 April 1958, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, pp. 127–8.
73 SECH, board meeting, 2 June 1958, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, p. 149. The denounced texts were signed ‘H.D.A.’, who was most likely the fierce anti-communist literary critic and ChCCF member Hernán Díaz Arrieta.
74 SECH, board meeting, 16 June 1958, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, pp. 158–9.
75 SECH, board meeting, 30 June 1958, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, pp. 160–6.
76 Baráibar to Josselson, Santiago, 3 July 1958, IACF records, series 2, box 217, folder 6. The resignations of Latcham and Cruz Ocampo were dealt with on 7 July, but there is no mention of the reasons that they offered or of any repercussions that they might have given rise to. SECH, board meeting, 7 July, 1958, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, p. 167. For Castillo's criticisms in La Libertad, see Jaime Castillo, ‘La responsabilidad de los escritores’, La Libertad, 3 July 1958, p. 4.
77 André Germain, ‘Compte-Rendu des principales activités du Comité de Santiago de Chile depuis janvier 1958’, Santiago, 10 Nov. 1958, IACF records, series 2, box 217, folder 6.
78 Baráibar to Gorkin, 31 Oct. 1958, IACF records, series 2, box 217, folder 6.
79 Germain to Gorkin, Santiago, 1 Nov. 1958, IACF records, series 2, box 217, folder 6.
80 ‘Puntos de vista’, in Política y Espíritu, 15 Nov. 1958, pp. 1–2.
81 Matilde Ladrón de Guevara to Carlos Sabat Ercasty, Santiago, 9 Nov. 1958, CAE-M, Ladrón de Guevara 0250.
82 David Schidlowsky, ‘Extractos de un racconto biográfico. El itinerario político de Pablo Neruda entre 1937 y 1966’, Políticas de la Memoria, 15 (2014–15), p. 208; Jorge Edwards quoted by Feinstein, Neruda, p. 319.
83 Baráibar to Gorkin, Santiago, 6 April 1959, IACF records, series 2, box 218, folder 3.
84 Other newly-elected board members close to the ChCCF were Marta Brunet (vice-president), Hernán Poblete (treasurer), and Carmen Castillo (assistant treasurer). SECH, Asamblea General de Socios, 13 April 1959, and board meeting of 20 April 1959, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, pp. 258–60 and 261–2 respectively.
85 ‘Elecciones en la Sociedad de Escritores’, La Libertad, 7 April, 1959, p. 3.
86 Baráibar to Gorkin, 14 April 1959, IACF records, series 2, box 218, folder 3.
87 SECH, board meeting of 20 April 1959, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, pp. 261–2.
88 SECH, board meeting of 24 Aug. 1959, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, p. 322.
89 On the Cuban Revolution and the reorganisation of the CCF's Latin American branches, see Iber, Neither Peace; Glondys, Guerra fría; María Eugenia Mudrovcic, Mundo Nuevo. Cultura y guerra fría en la década del 60 (Rosario: Beatriz Viterbo, 1997).
90 Baráibar to Gorkin, Santiago, 14 April 1959, IACF records, series 2, box 218, folder 3; Baráibar to Gorkin, Santiago, 19 May 1959, IACF records, series 2, box 218, folder 3.
91 SECH, board meeting, 25 April 1960, Libro de Actas 1956–1960, pp. 370–2.
92 ‘Elecciones en la Sociedad de Escritores de Chile’, n.d., IACF records, series 2, box 219, folder 4.
93 The Libro de Actas 1956–1961, numbered ‘6’ and ending with the board meeting of 9 May, 1960, is followed by the Libro de Actas 1961–1962, numbered ‘7’ and beginning with the General Assembly of Members of 17 April, 1961. The missing records could not be found during research at the SECH's offices. At that General Assembly, a document regarding ‘the main events that have happened’ in 1960–1 was presented, but the records do not provide further details. Asamblea General de Socios, 17 April 1961, Libro de Actas 1961–1962, pp. 1–3.
94 ‘Acta de la sesión ordinaria del Comité Chileno del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura realizada el martes 29 de noviembre de 1960’, IACF records, series 2, box 219, folder 3.
95 SECH, board meeting of 2 May 1961, Libro de Actas 1961–1962, pp. 4–8.
96 Baráibar to Gorkin, Santiago, 19 April 1961, and ‘Acta de la Sesión del Comité Chileno del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura Realizada el Martes 18 de abril de 1961,’ both in IACF records, series 2, box 220, folder 9.
97 Grandin, Greg and Joseph, Gilbert M., A Century of Revolution. Insurgent and Counterinsurgent Violence during Latin America's Long Cold War (Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2010)Google Scholar; Iber, Patrick, ‘Anti-Communist Entrepreneurs and the Origins of the Cultural Cold War in Latin America’, in Mooney, Pieper and Lanza, (eds.), De-centering, pp. 167–86Google Scholar.