We report on a case of an endogenous frontal sinolith and a literature review of classification and use of the terms rhinolith, and sinolith.

A case of non-traumatic/non-iatrogenic CSF rhinorrhoea, presenting with tension pneumocephalus and hemiparesis is described. The possible pathological processes involved in this rare case are discussed. Cases in the literature of idiopathic CSF rhinorrhoea and also those of spontaneous pneumocephalus are reviewed.

Pyoderma gangrenosum affecting the nose is rare and this may lead to diagnostic confusion because of the large differential diagnosis. As diagnosis is made, largely, on the basis of exclusion the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum may be unduly delayed. The condition is often disfiguring, particularly following inappropriate surgical intervention, and early diagnosis is therefore important.

We present a case of pyoderma gangrenosum managed initially in the community with minor surgery and resulting in the rare complication of saddle nose deformity.

Type I thyroplasty was performed in 12 patients with unilateral paralysis of the vocal fold. Subjective as well as objective improvement in vocal performance was reported in 11 patients. Aspiration was improved in six out of eight patients. Effort closure was evaluated by the ability of the patient to voluntarily raise his intra-abdominal pressure during Valsalva's manoeuvre. A comparison of pre- and post-thyroplasty measures, showed a statistically significant improvement in the efficacy of effort glottic closure (p < 0.05), indicating a better physical performance. We had one case of wound sepsis and another case of implant extrusion.

We document only the second reported case of verrucous squamous carcinoma of the nasal septum. In both cases previous surgical treatment for assumed squamous papillomata had resulted in multiple recurrences necessitating formal surgical resection. Our patient has remained tumour-free during long-term follow-up.

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a neoplastic vascular disorder characterized by multiple reddish blue nodules which, according to the original description (Kaposi, 1872), usually present on the skin of the upper and lower extremities. It is not until the disease progresses that nodules appear on the skin of the head and neck, on mucosal membranes and as visceral lesions. However, with the large increase in the incidence of this tumour associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, there have been increasing numbers of cases of Kaposi's sarcoma presenting primarily on the skin or mucosa of the head and neck. The most common sites reported are within the oral cavity, particularly on the palate. Other mucosal sites are rare. We present an unusual case where the primary manifestation of the Kaposi's sarcoma was in the nasal mucosa and stress the importance of this diagnosis not being overlooked.

Alpha interferon (α-IFN) is used for the treatment of various systemic disorders. Side-effects of α-IFN therapy can involve numerous organ systems, but sudden hearing loss has only once been recorded. We report a case of sudden hearing loss occurring in a patient with chronic hepatitis C treated with α-IFN and recovered five days after the discontinuation of this agent. This is the first record of anti-endothelial cell antibodies detection in a patient with sudden hearing loss. The finding of anti-endothelial cell antibodies suggests an association between sudden hearing loss and microvascular damage during interferon therapy.

An 11-year-old congenitally deaf child with bilateral primitive common cavity (Scheibe type) cochleosaccular dysplasia and benign familial macrocephaly was implanted with an extracochlear single channel device with an ear level speech processor. This paper describes the assessment, findings, dilemmas in decision making, surgical procedure and the favourable outcome after implanting. The relevant literature has been reviewed and our case is presented for the unusual combination of features.

Nasal septal abscess is a rare complication of septal haematoma. Nasal obstruction and, less frequently, pain are the usual presenting features. We report a case of a nasal septal abscess in a 21-year-old female patient who developed a naso-oral fistula. To our knowledge this is the first report of such an unusual presentation of a septal abscess. The aetiology, pathogenesis and management of septal abscesses are discussed.

Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy is an uncommon neoplasm that usually occurs in children aged one year or less. Difficulty in deciding the cellular origin of this tumour has led to numerous names, including congenital melanocarcinoma, melanotic epithelial odontoma, melanotic ameloblastoma, and retinal anlage tumour. Electron microscopy and histochemical studies, however, have now established the neural crest origin. The most frequent site of occurrence is the maxilla followed by the skull, the brain and the mandible. The genital organs are the most frequent extracranial site.

We present two cases of melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy arising in the maxilla.

In this study, the cure and functional results of 133 functional neck dissections performed between 1992–1997 in Erciyes University Medical Faculty were evaluated. The overall recurrence rate was three per cent. This rate was 1.4 per cent for elective functional neck dissections and five per cent for curative functional neck dissections. Electromyographic studies showed that there was severe neurogenic deficit in the trapezius muscle of seven patients (12.5 per cent), and in the sternocleidomastoid muscle of 12 patients (21.4 per cent) among 56 randomly selected patients. In all cases, the flow rate and diameter of the internal jugular vein was found to be normal by Doppler ultrasonography. The results of this study showed that functional neck dissection is a reliable technique for obtaining a high cure rate and functional results.

A 59-year-old white male presented with a two-month history of dry cough and shortness of breath. At bronchoscopy, a 1 cm mass on the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis was found. Immunohistochemical stain of the biopsy specimen revealed a monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells. Serological tests revealed normal serum immunoglobulin levels, and a bone marrow aspirate and biopsy was also normal; no abnormalities were found on serum or urine electrophoresis. He received radiotherapy (50 Gy), and was doing well three years following therapy without evidence of disease.

We report a case of an antral mucocoele secondary to the obstruction of its ostium by metastatic endometrial carcinoma. This is the first report of such a cause for a mucocoele, and for a metastasis from such a tumour in the head and neck.

Fibro-osseous lesions involving the paranasal sinuses, the mid-face and anterior skull base are uncommon. In addition, there appears to be no clear pathological or clinical classification that embraces the variety of lesions that exhibit such diverse pathological and clinical behaviour, yet may still be referred to as a fibro-osseous lesion. The diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma is made on a combination of clinical, radiological and pathological criteria.

This paper emphasizes the clinical and pathological differences between fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma. The more aggressive clinical behaviour of the latter is highlighted and a more radical surgical approach i s recommended. In contradistinction, fibrous dysplasia can exhibit a more benign behaviour and radical surgery s i not always justified.

A clinicopathological distinction between these two conditions is important from a management perspective despite the fact that they both may be encompassed under the ‘umbrella’ term fibro-osseous lesion.

It is common to find cholesterol granuloma in the mastoid antrum and air cells of the temporal bone, but it is very rare in paranasal sinuses. In the development of this pathology, the key factor is the presence of a closed cavity containing exudate and blood. Six cases of cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus are presented from six years' study in our hospital. According to the main symptoms, clinical findings, and radiological appearance (except the destruction of the antrum wall in some patients), the pathology was similar to chronic maxillary sinusitis. All the patients were treated with radical operative techniques.

In this study, we reviewed the literature and our cases, and could not detect any findings to explain why this pathology had occurred frequently in our district. We strongly recommend that investigations should be carried out on all specimens obtained from paranasal sinus surgery, because the cholesterol granuloma in the maxillary antrum could be mistaken for chronic sinusitis.

Although uncommon, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas occasionally arise from the nose and paranasal sinuses. Rarely, they may invade into the cavernous sinus and produce signs and symptoms that characteristically include unilateral ophthalmoplegia, sensation loss in the distribution of the ophthalmic and other divisions of the trigeminal nerve, sympathetic nerve paralysis and proptosis. In this report, we present a case of cavernous sinus syndrome (CSS) caused by infiltration of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from the adjacent paranasal sinuses and address issues regarding its diagnosis and treatment.

Hoarseness of voice due to paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve caused by a dilated left atrium in mitral stenosis as discussed by Ortner, is a subject of controversy. Different authors have cited different mechanisms as explanation. A variety of cardiac problems such as primary pulmonary hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, various congenital heart disorders can all lead to paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Most authors believe that pressure in the pulmonary artery causes the nerve compression. In Papua New Guinea cor pulmonale and rheumatic heart disease are the commonest cardiac disorders seen. Ortner's syndrome is a rarity and has never been reported from here before. Here three different case reports are presented with mitral stenosis, primary pulmonary hypertension and combined mitral stenosis and regurgitation and the pathogenesis of hoarseness is discussed.

The manifestations of multiple myeloma are protean and related to bony osteolytic lesions, and to medullar and renal insufficiency. We report a patient who presented with otalgia as the inaugural symptom of multiple myeloma. Local irradiation combined with systemic chemotherapy led to the disappearance of the temporal bone mass and the accompanying symptoms. To date, 24 months after the diagnosis, the patient is still in remission.

The literature on otological involvement in multiple myeloma is reviewed. Symptoms are non-specific and include hearing loss, tinnitus, dizziness, facial paralysis, and otalgia. The diagnosis of multiple myeloma should be considered in the presence of a temporal bone mass.

A 67-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis was hospitalized because of dysphagia and severe nodulosis. Over a two-year period the patient had been treated with methotrexate. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck showed a 2 × 2 cm large tumour behind the top left lateral thyroid cartilage. A biopsy taken during direct laryngoscopy showed it was a rheumatic nodule. Treatment with colchicine reduced the patient's dysphagia. As methotrexate is used increasingly in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and as this particular drug causes rheumatic nodules in five to 10 per cent of the patients, it must be foreseen that the incidence of nodules in the upper airways will increase.

We studied the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and neuropathology in a female infant who died at six months of age because of typical infantile Gaucher's disease. The patient was hospitalized for hepatosplenomegaly and failure to thrive. Her ABR showed only waves I and II.

The neuropathological study disclosed that: (1) Gaucher's cells were found in the perivascular region of the cerebrum and anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus. (2) Gliosis was found in the dorsal part of the brainstem rather than the ventral part. (3) Neuronal cells in the superior olivary nucleus were lost, and marked gliosis was found in the cochlear nucleus. The disappearance of wave III and later waves of ABR could be supported by these pathological findings.