Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T07:49:01.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Immunotherapy in head and neck cancer: current practice and future possibilities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2008

F O Agada
Affiliation:
Division of Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, UK
O Alhamarneh
Affiliation:
Division of Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, UK
N D Stafford
Affiliation:
Division of Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, UK
J Greenman*
Affiliation:
Division of Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, UK
*
Address for correspondence: Dr John Greenman, Medical Research Laboratory, University of Hull, Wolfson Building, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. Fax: 01482 466996, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The survival of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has changed little over the last 30 years. However, with recent advances in the fields of cellular and molecular immunology, there is renewed optimism with regards to the development of novel methods of early diagnosis, prognosis estimation and treatment improvement for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Here, we present a critical review of the recent advances in tumour immunology, and of the current efforts to apply new immunotherapeutic techniques in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Type
Review Articles
Copyright
Copyright © JLO (1984) Limited 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Hunter, KD, Parkinson, EK, Harrison, PR. Profiling early head and neck cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2005;5:127–35Google Scholar
2 Parkin, DM, Pisani, P, Ferlay, J. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 1999;49:3364CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3 Sykiotis, GP, Papavassiliou, AG. Apoptosis: the suicide solution in cancer treatment and chemoprevention. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006;15:575–7Google Scholar
4 Turk, MJ, Wolchok, JD, Guevara-Patino, JA, Goldberg, SM, Houghton, AN. Multiple pathways to tumor immunity and concomitant autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2002;188:122–35Google Scholar
5 Miller, SJ, Lavker, RM, Sun, TT. Interpreting epithelial cancer biology in the context of stem cells: tumor properties and therapeutic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1756:2552Google ScholarPubMed
6 Topping, KP, Fletcher, L, Agada, FO, Alhamarneh, O, Stafford, ND, Greenman, J. Head and neck tumour immunology: basic concepts and new clinical implications. J Laryngol Otol (in press)Google Scholar
7 Jebreel, A, Mistry, D, Loke, D, Dunn, G, Hough, V, Oliver, K et al. Investigation of IL-10, IL-12 and IL-18 levels in patients with head and neck cancer. J Laryngol Otol 2007;121:246–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8 O'Riordan, JM, Abdel-Latif, MM, Ravi, N, McNamara, D, Byrne, PJ, McDonald, GS et al. Proinflammatory cytokine and nuclear factor kappa-B expression along the inflammation-metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence in the esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1257–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9 Riedel, F, Zaiss, I, Herzog, D, Gotte, K, Naim, R, Hormann, K. Serum levels of interleukin-6 in patients with primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res 2005;25:2761–5Google Scholar
10 van Sandick, JW, Boermeester, MA, Gisbertz, SS, ten Berge, IJ, Out, TA, van der Pouw Kraan, TC et al. Lymphocyte subsets and T(h)1/T(h)2 immune responses in patients with adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or oesophagogastric junction: relation to pTNM stage and clinical outcome. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003;52:617–24Google Scholar
11 Wolf, JS, Chen, Z, Dong, G, Sunwoo, JB, Bancroft, CC, Capo, DE et al. IL (interleukin)-1alpha promotes nuclear factor-kappaB and AP-1-induced IL-8 expression, cell survival, and proliferation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:1812–20Google Scholar
12 Agarwal, A, Rani, M, Saha, GK, Valarmathi, TM, Bahadur, S, Mohanti, BK et al. Disregulated expression of the Th2 cytokine gene in patients with intraoral squamous cell carcinoma. Immunol Invest 2003;32:1730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13 Sparano, A, Lathers, DM, Achille, N, Petruzzelli, GJ, Young, MR. Modulation of Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles and their association with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;131:573–6Google Scholar
14 Ogura, M, Morishima, Y, Kagami, Y, Watanabe, T, Itoh, K, Igarashi, T et al. Randomized phase II study of concurrent and sequential rituximab and CHOP chemotherapy in untreated indolent B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Sci 2006;97:305–12Google Scholar
15 McKeage, K, Perry, CM. Trastuzumab: a review of its use in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer overexpressing HER2. Drugs 2002;62:209–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16 Ford, AC, Grandis, JR. Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2003;25:6773CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17 Coico, R, Sunshine, G, Benjamini, E. Immunology: A short course, Chapter 19 Tumour Immunology pp273–85. 5th Ed. (2003), New Jersey, USA John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
18 Li, G, Ali, SA, McArdle, SE, Mian, S, Ahmad, M, Miles, A et al. Immunity to tumour antigens. Curr Pharm Des 2005;11:3501–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19 Kienstra, MA, Neel, HB, Strome, SE, Roche, P. Identification of NY-ESO-1, MAGE-1, and MAGE-3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2003;25:457–63Google Scholar
20 Lee, KD, Chang, HK, Jo, YK, Kim, BS, Lee, BH, Lee, YW et al. Expression of the MAGE 3 gene product in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Anticancer Res 1999;19:5037–42Google ScholarPubMed
21 Banchereau, J, Steinman, RM. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 1998;392:245–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22 Barratt-Boyes, SM, Watkins, SC, Finn, OJ. In vivo migration of dendritic cells differentiated in vitro: a chimpanzee model. J Immunol 1997;158:4543–7Google Scholar
23 Todryk, S. A sense of tumour for the immune system. Immunology 2002;107:14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24 Mende, I, Engleman, EG. Breaking tolerance to tumors with dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1058:96104Google Scholar
25 Andre, F, Chaput, N, Schartz, NE, Flament, C, Aubert, N, Bernard, J et al. Exosomes as potent cell-free peptide-based vaccine. I. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes transfer functional MHC class I/peptide complexes to dendritic cells. J Immunol 2004;172:2126–36Google Scholar
26 Almand, B, Resser, JR, Lindman, B, Nadaf, S, Clark, JI, Kwon, ED et al. Clinical significance of defective dendritic cell differentiation in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:1755–66Google Scholar
27 Almand, B, Clark, JI, Nikitina, E, van Beynen, J, English, NR, Knight, SC et al. Increased production of immature myeloid cells in cancer patients: a mechanism of immunosuppression in cancer. J Immunol 2001;166:678–89Google Scholar
28 Tas, MP, Simons, PJ, Balm, FJ, Drexhage, HA. Depressed monocyte polarization and clustering of dendritic cells in patients with head and neck cancer: in vitro restoration of this immunosuppression by thymic hormones. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1993;36:108–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29 Kerrebijn, JD, Simons, PJ, Tas, M, Balm, AJ, Drexhage, HA. In vivo effects of thymostimulin treatment on monocyte polarization, dendritic cell clustering and serum p15E-like trans-membrane factors in operable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1995;252:409–16Google Scholar
30 Allavena, P, Piemonti, L, Longoni, D, Bernasconi, S, Stoppacciaro, A, Ruco, L et al. IL-10 prevents the differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells but promotes their maturation to macrophages. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:359–693.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31 Steinbrink, K, Wolfl, M, Jonuleit, H, Knop, J, Enk, AH. Induction of tolerance by IL-10-treated dendritic cells. J Immunol 1997;159:4772–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32 Peguet-Navarro, J, Moulon, C, Caux, C, Dalbiez-Gauthier, C, Banchereau, J, Schmitt, D. Interleukin-10 inhibits the primary allogeneic T cell response to human epidermal Langerhans cells. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:884–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33 Kacani, L, Wurm, M, Schennach, H, Braun, I, Andrle, J, Sprinzl, GM. Immunosuppressive effects of soluble factors secreted by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma on dendritic cells and T lymphocytes. Oral Oncol 2003;39:672–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34 Strauss, L, Volland, D, Kunkel, M, Reichert, TE. Dual role of VEGF family members in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer (HNSCC): possible link between angiogenesis and immune tolerance. Med Sci Monit 2005;11:BR280–92Google Scholar
35 Goldman, SA, Baker, E, Weyant, RJ, Clark, MR, Myers, JN, Lotze, MT et al. Peritumoral CD1a-positive dendritic cells are associated with improved survival in patients with tongue carcinoma. Arch Otol Head Neck Surg 1998;124:641–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36 Lathers, DM, Achille, N, Kolesiak, K, Hulett, K, Sparano, A, Petruzzelli, GJ et al. Increased levels of immune inhibitory CD34+ progenitor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with node positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and the ability of these CD34+ cells to differentiate into immune stimulatory dendritic cells. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:205–12Google Scholar
37 Dong, J, Bohinski, RJ, Li, YQ, Van Waes, C, Hendler, F, Gleich, L. Antitumor effect of secreted Flt3-ligand can act at distant tumour sites in a murine model of head and neck cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2003;10:96104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38 Nix, P, Stafford, N, Cawkwell, L, Greenman, J. Assessment of dendritic cell number and radiosensitivity in laryngeal tumours. Clin Otolaryngol 2005;30:164–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39 Whiteside, TL. Immunobiology of head and neck cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2005;24:95105Google Scholar
40 To, WC, Wood, BG, Krauss, JC, Strome, M, Esclamado, RM, Lavertu, P et al. Systemic adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in recurrent and metastatic carcinoma of the head and neck: a phase 1 study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;126:1225–31Google Scholar
41 Chang, AE, Li, Q, Jiang, G, Teknos, TN, Chepeha, DB, Bradford, CR. Generation of vaccine-primed lymphocytes for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2003;25:198209Google Scholar
42 Karcher, J, Dyckhoff, G, Beckhove, P, Reisser, C, Brysch, M, Ziouta, Y et al. Antitumor vaccination in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas with autologous virus-modified tumor cells. Cancer Res 2004;64:8057–61CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43 Herold-Mende, C, Karcher, J, Dyckhoff, G, Schirrmacher, V. Antitumor immunization of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with a virus-modified autologous tumor cell vaccine. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2005;62:173–83Google Scholar
44 Gleich, LL, Collins, CM, Gartside, PS, Gluckman, JL, Barrett, WL, Wilson, KM et al. Therapeutic decision making in stages III and IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;129:2635CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45 Weise, JB, Maune, S, Gorogh, T, Kabelitz, D, Arnold, N, Pfisterer, J et al. A dendritic cell based hybrid cell vaccine generated by electrofusion for immunotherapy strategies in HNSCC. Auris Nasus Larynx 2004;31:149–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46 Kacani, L, Wurm, M, Schwentner, I, Andrle, J, Schennach, H, Sprinzl, GM. Maturation of dendritic cells in the presence of living, apoptotic and necrotic tumour cells derived from squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. Oral Oncol 2005;41:1724CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47 Cheah, PL, Looi, LM. p53: an overview of over two decades of study. Malays J Pathol 2001;23:916Google ScholarPubMed
48 Brown, L, Benchimol, S. The involvement of MAPK signaling pathways in determining the cellular response to p53 activation – cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2006;281:3832–40Google Scholar
49 Nikitina, EY, Clark, JI, Van Beynen, J, Chada, S, Virmani, AK, Carbone, DP et al. Dendritic cells transduced with full-length wild-type p53 generate antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes from peripheral blood of cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:127–35Google ScholarPubMed
50 Hoffmann, TK, Donnenberg, AD, Finkelstein, SD, Donnenberg, VS, Friebe-Hoffmann, U, Myers, EN et al. Frequencies of tetramer+ T cells specific for the wild-type sequence p53 (264–272) peptide in the circulation of patients with head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2002;62:3521–9Google Scholar
51 Umano, Y, Tsunoda, T, Tanaka, H, Matsuda, K, Yamaue, H, Tanimura, H. Generation of cytotoxic T cell responses to an HLA-A24 restricted epitope peptide derived from wild-type p53. Br J Cancer 2001;84:1052–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52 Chikamatsu, K, Nakano, K, Storkus, WJ, Appella, E, Lotze, MT, Whiteside, TL et al. Generation of anti-p53 cytotoxic T lymphocytes from human peripheral blood using autologous dendritic cells. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:1281–8Google ScholarPubMed
53 McArdle, SE, Rees, RC, Mulcahy, KA, Saba, J, McIntyre, CA, Murray, AK. Induction of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes that preferentially recognise tumour cells bearing a conformational p53 mutant. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2000;49:417–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54 Hoffmann, TK, Bier, H, Donnenberg, AD, Whiteside, TL, De Leo, AB. p53 as an immunotherapeutic target in head and neck cancer. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2005;62:151–60Google Scholar
55 Eura, M, Chikamatsu, K, Katsura, F, Obata, A, Sobao, Y, Takiguchi, M et al. A wild-type sequence p53 peptide presented by HLA-A24 induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes that recognize squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:979–86Google ScholarPubMed
56 Asai, T, Storkus, WJ, Mueller-Berghaus, J, Knapp, W, DeLeo, AB, Chikamatsu, K et al. In vitro generated cytolytic T lymphocytes reactive against head and neck cancer recognize multiple epitopes presented by HLA-A2, including peptides derived from the p53 and MDM-2 proteins. Cancer Immun 2002;2:3Google Scholar
57 Bellier, B, Dalba, C, Clerc, B, Desjardins, D, Drury, R, Cosset, FL et al. DNA vaccines encoding retrovirus-based virus-like particles induce efficient immune responses without adjuvant. Vaccine 2006;24:2643–55Google Scholar
58 Trimble, C, Lin, CT, Hung, CF, Pai, S, Juang, J, He, L et al. Comparison of the CD8+ T cell responses and antitumor effects generated by DNA vaccine administered through gene gun, biojector, and syringe. Vaccine 2003;21:4036–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59 Prud'homme, GJ. DNA vaccination against tumors. J Gene Med 2005;7:317Google Scholar
60 Miller, AM, Ozenci, V, Kiessling, R, Pisa, P. Immune monitoring in a phase 1 trial of a PSA DNA vaccine in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Immunother 2005;28:389–95Google Scholar
61 Vaccine Therapy With Immune Adjuvant in Treating Patients With Stage IIB, Stage IIC, Stage III, or Stage IV Melanoma. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT 00085137 [Date last viewed, 06/03/2008]Google Scholar
62 Evaluation of the Immune Responses of GSK Biologicals' HPV Vaccine Following Manufacturing Process Adaptation. http://www.clinicaltrial.gov/ct/show/NCT00250276 [Date last viewed, 06/03/2008]Google Scholar
63 Bonner, JA, Harari, PM, Giralt, J, Azarnia, N, Shin, DM, Cohen, RB et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 2006;354:634–6Google Scholar
64 What is new in Head and Neck Cancer? http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/trials [Date last viewed, 06/03/2008]Google Scholar
65 Arora, A, Scholar, EM. Role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;315:971–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66 Arteaga, CL. Inhibiting tyrosine kinases: successes and limitations. Cancer Biol Ther 2003;2:S7983CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67 Arteaga, CL, Baselga, J. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: why does the current process of clinical development not apply to them? Cancer Cell 2004;5:525–31Google Scholar
68 O'Malley, BW Jr, Li, D, McQuone, SJ, Ralston, R. Combination nonviral interleukin-2 gene immunotheraphy for head and neck cancer: from bench top to bedside. Laryngoscope 2005;115:391404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69 van Herpen, CM, Looman, M, Zonneveld, M, Scharenborg, N, de Wilde, PC, van de Locht, L et al. Intratumoral administration of recombinant human interleukin 12 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients elicits a T-helper 1 profile in the locoregional lymph nodes. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:2626–35Google Scholar
70 Timar, J, Ladanyi, A, Forster-Horvath, C, Lukits, J, Dome, B, Remenar, E et al. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma modulates intratumoral CD4/CD8 ratio and tumour microenvironment: a multicenter phase II clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:3421–32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71 Li, D, Shugert, E, Guo, M, Bishop, JS, O'Malley, BW Jr. Combination nonviral interleukin 2 and interleukin 12 gene therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;127:1319–24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72 MAGE-A3/HPV 16 Vaccine for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00257738 [Date last viewed, 06/03/2008]Google Scholar
73 A Phase 2 Clinical Trial of the Effectiveness of IRX-2 in Treating Patients With Operable Head and Neck Cancer. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00210470 [Date last viewed, 06/03/2008]Google Scholar
74 Borjesson, PK, Postema, EJ, Roos, JC, Colnot, DR, Marres, HA, van Schie, MH et al. Phase I therapy study with (186)Re-labeled humanized monoclonal antibody BIWA 4 (bivatuzumab) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:3961S–72SGoogle Scholar
75 Colnot, DR, Quak, JJ, Roos, JC, van Lingen, A, Wilhelm, AJ, van Kamp, GJ et al. Phase I therapy study of 186Re-labeled chimeric monoclonal antibody U36 in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Nucl Med 2000;41:19992010Google Scholar
76 Soulieres, D, Senzer, NN, Vokes, EE, Hidalgo, M, Agarwala, SS, Siu, LL. Multicenter phase II study of erlotinib, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:7785Google Scholar