Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T18:59:13.092Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Radical right framing of social policy in Hungary: between nationalism and populism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2020

Nicole VT Lugosi
Nicole VT Lugosi*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
*
CONTACT Nicole VT Lugosi [email protected] Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, 10-16 H. M. Tory Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H4
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The populist radical right (PRR) is increasingly associated with welfare chauvinism, but the literature mainly focuses on Western and Northern European cases. Turning attention to Central Eastern Europe, this article investigates how PRR parties in Hungary frame welfare issues in five social policy areas from 2010 to 2016. This is done through a critical frame analysis applied to party manifestos and State of the Nation speeches by the Fidesz and Jobbik parties. Special care is taken to delineate the interlocking but not interchangeable concepts of nationalism and populism, as recent research asserts this distinction is often overlooked. The main findings are threefold: First, these parties articulate their positions chiefly through nationalist rather than populist framing; Second, while Hungary's PRR exhibits welfare chauvinist framing similar to Western and Northern Europe, a main difference detected was the role of the communist legacy; Third, beyond the article's original goals, the findings revealed a strong connection between nationalist framing and the role of gender, suggesting that the two are not mutually exclusive.

Keywords

FideszJobbikHungarypopulismnationalismwelfare chauvinism
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy , Volume 34 , Issue 3: SI: Social Policy and Populism: welfare chauvinism and identity politics in a Europe on the brink of Brexit , October 2018 , pp. 210 - 233
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Laban, Y. (Ed.). (2009). Gendering the nation-state: Canadian and comparative perspectives. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Ágh, A. (1998). The politics of Central Europe. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ágh, A. (2014). Ten years of the catching-up story in the European Union: Differentiated integration and multilevel governance in ECE. Budapest: Blue Ribbon Research Centre King Sigismund Business School.Google Scholar
Akkerman, T. (2003). Populism and democracy: Challenge or pathology? Acta Politica, 38, 147–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertazzi, D., & McDonnell, D. (Eds.). (2008). Twenty-first century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy. New York, NY: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, T. J. (2015). All in the party family? Comparing far right voters in Western and post-communist Europe. Party Politics, 23(3), 274–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Andersen, J., & Bjørklund, T. (1990). Structural change and new cleavages: The progress parties in Denmark and Norway. Acta Sociologica, 33(3), 195–217. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities. 1983. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Aslanidis, P. (2016). Is populism an ideology? A refutation and a new perspective. Political Studies, 64(IS), 88–104. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billig, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Blokker, P. (2005). Populist nationalism, anti-europeanism, post-nationalism, and the east-west distinction. German Law Journal, 6, 371–390. Retrieved from http://www.germanlawjournal.com/volume-06-no-02/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornschier, S. (2010). Cleavage politics and the populist right. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Bozoki, A., & Ishiyama, J. T. (Eds.). (2002). The communist successor parties of central and Eastern Europe. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.Google Scholar
Breuilly, J. (1993). Nationalism and the state. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, R. (1996). Nationalism reframed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, R. (2013 [2011]). Nationalising states revisited: Projects and processes of nationalization in post-soviet states. In Iglesias, J. D., Stojanović, N., & Weinblum, S. (Eds.), New nation states and national minorities (pp. 11–37). Essex: ECPR Press.Google Scholar
Bustikova, L., & Kitschelt, H. (2009). The radical right in post-communist Europe. Comparative perspectives on legacies and party competition. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 42(4), 459–483. doi: 10.1016/j.postcomstud.2009.10.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caiani, M., & Kröll, P. (2017). Nationalism and populism in radical right discourses in Italy and Germany. Javnost – The Public, 24(4), 336–354. doi:10.1080/13183222.2017.1330084CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calhoun, C. (1997). Nationalism. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Casal Bértoa, F. (2014). Party systems and cleavage structures revisited: A sociological explanation of party system institutionalization in East Central Europe. Party Politics, 20(1), 16–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, R. W. (1990). The state, gender, and sexual politics: Theory and appraisal. Theory and Society, 19(5), 507–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Council of Europe. (2014, 16 December). Commissioner for human rights. Nils Muižnieks. Report by Nils Muižnieks Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe following his visit to Hungary from 1 to 4 July 2014. Retrieved from https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?p=&id=2271691&Site=COE&direct=trueGoogle Scholar
Crepaz, M. M. L., & Damron, R. (2009). Constructing tolerance. How the welfare state shapes attitudes about immigrants. Comparative Political Studies, 42(3), 437–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deacon, B. (1993). Developments in east european social policy. New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe, 2, 177–197.Google Scholar
De Cleen, B. (2017). Populism and nationalism. In Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Taggart, P. A., Espejo, P. O., & Ostiguy, P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 342–362). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Cleen, B., & Stavrakakis, Y. (2017). Distinctions and articulations: A discourse theoretical framework for the study of populism and nationalism. Javnost – The Public, 24(4), 301–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deegan-Krause, K., & Haughton, T. (2009). Toward a more useful conceptualization of populism: Types and degrees of populist appeals in the case of Slovakia. Politics & Society, 37(4), 821–841.Google Scholar
De Koster, W., Achterberg, P., & van der Waal, J. (2012). The new right and the welfare state: The electoral relevance of welfare chauvinism and welfare populism in the Netherlands. International Political Science Review, 34(1), 3–20. doi: 10.1177/0192512112455443CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Lange, S. L. (2007). A new winning formula? The programmatic appeal of the radical right. Party Politics, 13(4), 411–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York, NY: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Derks, A. (2006). Populism and the ambivalence of egalitarianism: How do the underprivileged reconcile a right wing party preference with their socio-economic attitudes? World Political Science Review, 2(3), 175–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ennser-Jedenastik, L. (2018). Welfare chauvinism in populist radical right platforms: The role of redistributive justice principles. Social Policy & Administration, 52, 293–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enyedi, Z. (2006). Party politics in post-communist transition. In Katz, R. S. & Crotty, W. (Eds.), Handbook of party politics (pp. 228–238). London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enyedi, Z. (2016a). Populist polarization and party system institutionalization. Problems of Post-Communism, 63(4), 201–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enyedi, Z. (2016b). Paternalist populism and illiberal elitism in Central Europe. Journal of Political Ideologies, 21(1), 9–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1996). After the golden age? Welfare state dilemmas in a global economy. In Esping-Andersen, G. (Ed.), Welfare states in transition: National adaptations in global economies (pp. 1–31). London: Sage.Google Scholar
European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). (2015). Report on Hungary. Strasbourg. Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/Country-by-country/Hungary/HUN-CbC-V-2015-19-ENG.pdfGoogle Scholar
Eurostat. (2016). Children at risk of poverty or social exclusion. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Children_at_risk_of_poverty_or_social_exclusion#Single_parents_with_dependent_children_and_single_personsGoogle Scholar
Fairhurst, G. T., & Sarr, R. A. (1996). The art of framing: Managing the language of leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar
Feischmidt, M., & Hervik, P. (2015). Mainstreaming the extreme: Intersecting challenges from the far right in Europe. Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics, 1(1), 3–17. doi: 10.17356/ieejsp.v1i1.80Google Scholar
Félix, A. (2015). The other side of the coin: Women's participation in far right parties and movements in Greece and Hungary. Intersections: East European Journal Of Society And Politics, 1(1), 166–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenger, H. M. (2007). Welfare regimes in central and Eastern Europe: Incorporating post-communist countries in a welfare regime typology. Contemporary Issues and Ideas in Social Sciences, 3(2), 1–30. Retrieved from http://journal.ciiss.in/index.php/ciiss/article/view/45/37Google Scholar
Fidesz. (2007). A stronger Hungary: The manifesto of Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Union. Retrieved from http://static.fidesz.hu/download/_EN/FideszPP2007_EN.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fidesz. (2010). Nemzeti ügyek politikája, a Fidesz programja, 2010 (In Hungarian). Retrieved from http://www.langzsolt.hu/upl/files/nemzeti_ugyek_politikaja_8481.pdfGoogle Scholar
Froese, P. (2004). After atheism: An analysis of religious monopolies in the post-communist world. Sociology of Religion, 65(1), 57–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamson, William. (1988). Political discourse and collective action. In Klandermans, B., Kriesi, H., & Tarrow, S. (Eds.), From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research across Cultures. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1987). The changing culture of affirmative action. In Research in political sociology (Vol. 3). Greenwish, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Gellner, E. (1994). Encounters with nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. T. (2002). Racial states. In Goldberg, D. T. & Solomos, J. (Eds.), A companion to racial and ethnic studies (pp. 233–256). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Grzymalała-Busse, A., & Innes, A. (2003). Great expectations: The EU and domestic political competition in East Central Europe. East European Politics and Societies, 17(1), 64–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunther, R., & Diamond, L. (2003). Species of political parties: A new typology. Party Politics, 9(2), 167–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halikiopoulou, D., Nanou, K., & Vasilopoulou, S. (2012). The paradox of nationalism: The common denominator of radical right and radical left euroscepticism. European Journal of Political Research, 51(4), 504–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, E. (2009). Nationalism: Theories and cases. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkins, K. (2009). Is Chávez populist? Measuring populist discourse in comparative perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 42(8), 1040–1067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, L. E. (2016). Re-evaluating the post-communist success story: Party elite loyalty, citizen mobilization and the erosion of Hungarian democracy. European Political Science Review, 8(02), 251–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermann, C. (2017). Crisis, structural reform and the dismantling of the European Social Model(s). Economic and Industrial Democracy, 38(1), 51–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hetherington, M. J., & Weiler, J. D. (2009). Authoritarianism and polarization in American politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heywood, A. (2012). Political ideologies. An introduction (5th ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J. (1990). Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ignazi, P. (2003). Extreme right parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Innes, A. (2015). Hungary's Illiberal democracy. Current History, 114(770), Hungary's.Google Scholar
Jansen, R. S. (2011). Populist mobilization: A new theoretical approach to populism. Sociological Theory, 29(2), 75–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jobbik. (2003). Manifesto: Founding charter. Retrieved from http://jobbik.com/manifesto_0Google Scholar
Jobbik. (2010a). Radical change for national self-determination and social justice. A guide to Jobbik's parliamentary electoral manifesto. Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom party manifesto. Retrieved from http://www.jobbik.com/sites/default/files/Jobbik-RADICALCHANGE2010.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jobbik. (2010b). Radikális változás A Jobbik országgyűlési választási programja a nemzeti önrendelkezésért és a társadalmi igazságosságért (in Hungarian). Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom party manifesto. Retrieved from http://www.jobbik.hu/sites/default/files/jobbik-program2010gy.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jobbik. (2014a). We name it. We solve it. Jobbik Movement for a Better Hungary-Election Programme on welfare, order and anti-corruption measures. Retrieved from http://www.jobbik.com/sites/default/files/users/user110/kimondjukmegoldjuk2014_eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jobbik. (2014b). Kimondjuk. Megoldjok. A Jobbik 2014-es választási programja három pillérre épül: megélhetés, rend, elszámoltatás (in Hungarian). Retrieved from https://jobbik.hu/hireink/kimondjuk-megoldjuk-valasztasi-program-2014Google Scholar
Juhász, J. (2003). Hungary: Transit country between East and West [Report]. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/hungary-transit-country-between-east-and-westGoogle Scholar
Karácsony, G., & Róna, D. (2011). ). The secret of Jobbik. Reasons behind the rise of the Hungarian radical right. Journal of East European & Asian Studies, 2(1), 61–92.Google Scholar
Kirkham, D. (1998). The reform party of Canada: A discourse on race, ethnicity and quality. In Satzewich, V. (Ed.), Racism and social inequality in Canada: Concepts, controversies and strategies of resistance (pp. 243–267). Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, H., Mansfeldova, Z., Markowski, R., & Tóka, G. (1999). Post-communist party systems: Competition, representation, and interparty cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopecký, P., & Mudde, C. (2002). The two sides of Euroscepticism: Party positions on European integration in East Central Europe. European Union Politics, 3(3), 297–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Körösényi, A. (1999). Government and politics in Hungary. Budapest: Central European University Press.Google Scholar
Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony & socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Lavine, H., Lodge, M., & Freitas, K. (2005). Threat, authoritarianism, and selective exposure to information. Political Psychology, 26(2), 219–244. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3792613CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeClau, E. (2005). Populism: What's in a name? In Panizza, F. (Ed.), Populism and the mirror of democracy (pp. 32–49). London: Verso.Google Scholar
Lefkofridi, Z., & Michel, E. (2014). Exclusive solidarity? Radical right parties and the welfare state (EUI Working Papers No. EUI RSCAS; 2014/120). Fiosole: European University Institute (EUI). Retrieved from http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/33877CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lendvai-Bainton, N. (2017). Radical politics in post-crisis Hungary: Illiberal democracy, neoliberalism and the end of the welfare state. In Kennett, P. & Lendvai-Bainton, N. (Eds.), Handbook of European social policy (pp. 400–414). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, S., Ajanovic, E., & Sauer, B. (2014). Intersections and inconsistencies. Framing gender in right-wing populist discourses in Austria. NORA-Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 22(4), 250–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClintock, A. (1995). Imperial leather: Race, gender, and sexuality in the colonial conquest. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
McGann, H. K. A., & Kitschelt, H. (1995). The radical right in Western Europe. A comparative analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Mewes, J., & Mau, S. (2012). Unraveling working-class welfare chauvinism. In Svallfors, S. (Ed.), Contested welfare states. Welfare attitudes in Europe and beyond (pp. 119–157). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mewes, S., & Mau, S. (2013). Globalization, socio-economic status and welfare chauvinism: European perspectives on attitudes toward the exclusion of immigrants. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 54(3), 228–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minkenberg, M. (2013). The European radical right and xenophobia in West and East: Trends, patterns and challenges. In Melzer, R. & Serafin, S. (Eds.), Right-wing extremism in Europe: Country analyses, counter-strategies and labor-market oriented exit strategies (pp. 9–33). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.Google Scholar
Moffit, B., & Tormey, S. (2014). Rethinking populism: Politics, mediatisation and political style. Political Studies, 62(2), 381–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosse, G. (1985). Nationalism and sexuality: Respectability and abnormal sexuality in modern Europe. New York, NY: H. Fertig.Google Scholar
Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudde, C. (2015). Populism in Europe: A primer. Open Democracy, 12, 1. https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/cas-mudde/populism-in-europe-primerGoogle Scholar
Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2013a). Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government & Opposition, 48(2), 147–174. doi: 10.1017/gov.2012.11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2013b). Populism. In Freeden, M., Sargent, L. T., & Spears, M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political ideologies (pp. 493–512). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Naurin, E. (2014). Is a promise a promise? Election pledge fulfilment in comparative perspective using Sweden as an example. West European Politics, 37(5), 1046–1064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordensvard, J., & Ketola, M. (2015). Nationalist reframing of the Finnish and Swedish welfare states: The nexus of nationalism and social policy in far-right populist parties. Social Policy & Administration, 49(3), 356–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norocel, O. C. (2016). Populist radical right protectors of the folkhem: Welfare chauvinism in Sweden. Critical Social Policy, 36(3), 371–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, P. (2005). Radical right: Voters and parties in the electoral market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orbán, V. (2014). Speech at the 25th Bálványos summer free University and Student Camp. The Hungarian Government. Retrieved from http://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/prime-minister-viktororban-s-speech-at-the-25th-balvanyos-summer-free-university-and-student-campGoogle Scholar
Orbán, V. (2016). Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's State of the Nation Address. Retrieved from http://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/prime-minister-viktor-orban-s-state-of-the-nation-addressGoogle Scholar
Orbán, V. (2017). Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's State of the Nation Address. Retrieved from http://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/prime-minister-viktor-orban-s-state-of-the-nation-address-20170214Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2016). Social spending. Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/socialexp/social-spending.htmGoogle Scholar
Pankowski, R. (2010). The populist radical right in Poland: The patriots. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pappas, T. S. (2014). Populist democracies: Post-authoritarian Greece and post-communist Hungary. Government and Opposition, 49(1), 1–23. doi: 10.1017/gov.2013.21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pateman, C. (2000). The patriarchal welfare state. In Pierson, C. & Castles, F. G. (Eds.), The welfare state reader (pp. 133–150). Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, S. V. (1999). Sexing political identities/nationalism as heterosexism. International Feminist Journal of Politics., 1(1), 34–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirro, A. L. P. (2014). Digging into the breeding ground: Insights into the electoral performance of populist radical right parties in central and Eastern Europe. East European Politics, 30(2), 246–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirro, A. L. P. (2016). Hardly ever relevant? An appraisal of nativist economics through the Hungarian case. Acta Politica, 52, 339–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pytlas, B. (2013). Radical-right narratives in Slovakia and Hungary: Historical legacies, mythic overlaying and contemporary politics. Patterns of Prejudice, 47(2), 162–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pytlas, B. (2015). Radical right parties in central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream party competition and electoral fortune. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rein, M., & Schön, D. (1977). Problem setting in policy research. In Weiss, C. H. (Ed.), Using social research in public policy making (pp. 235–251). Lexington: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Reinfeldt, S. (2000). Nicht-wir und Die-da. Studien zum rechten populismus. Wien: Braumüller Verlag.Google Scholar
Rovny, J. (2013). Where do radical right parties stand? Position blurring in multidimensional competition. European Political Science Review, 5(1), 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Royed, T. (1996). Testing the mandate model in Britain and the United States: Evidence from the Reagan and Thatcher eras. British Journal of Political Science, 26(1), 45–80. doi: 10.1017/S0007123400007419CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rydgren, J. (Ed.). (2005). Movements of exclusion: Radical right-wing populism in the western world. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Rydgren, J. (2006). From tax populism to ethnic nationalism: Radical right-wing populism in Sweden. Oxford: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Rydgren, J. (2007). The sociology of the radical right. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 241–262. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131752CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rydgren, J. (2017). Radical right-wing parties in Europe. What's populism got to do with it? Journal of Language and Politics, 16(4), 485–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schermann, K., & Ennser-Jedenastik, L. (2014). Coalition policy making under constraints: Examining the role of preferences and institutions. West European Politics, 37(3), 564–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schumacher, G., & Van Kersbergen, K. (2016). Do mainstream parties adapt to the welfare chauvinism of populist parties? Party Politics, 22(3), 300–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. International social movement research, 1(1), 197–217.Google Scholar
Spierings, N., Zaslove, A., Mügge, L. M., & de Lange, S. L. (2015). Gender and populist radical-right politics: An introduction. Patterns of Prejudice, 49(1-2), 3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, B. (2008). The thin ideology of populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), 95–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stenner, K. (2005). The authoritarian dynamic. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, A. (1969). The social roots. In Ionescu, G. & Gellner, E. (Eds.), Populism. Its meanings and national characteristics (pp. 180–195). London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.Google Scholar
Szikra, D. (2014). Democracy and welfare in hard times: The social policy of the Orbán Government in Hungary between 2010 and 2014. Journal of European Social Policy, 24(5), 486–500. doi: 10.1177/0958928714545446CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, R. (2001). The programme to policy linkage: The fulfilment of election pledges on socio-economic policy in the Netherlands, 1986–1998. European Journal of Political Research, 40(2), 171–197. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.00595CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Waal, J., Achterberg, P., Houtman, D., de Koster, W., & Manevska, K. (2010). Some are more equal than others’: Economic egalitarianism and welfare chauvinism in the Netherlands. Journal of European Social Policy, 20(4), 350–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Hulst, M., & Yanow, D. (2016). From policy “frames” to “framing” theorizing a more dynamic, political approach. The American Review of Public Administration, 46(1), 92–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, A. (2013). Nationalism. In Freeden, M., Sargent, L. T., & Spears, M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political ideologies (pp. 452–473). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vona, G. (2016). Gábor Vona, Let's Build Bridges. State of the Nation Speech. Retrieved from http://jobbik.com/gabor_vona_lets_build_bridgesGoogle Scholar
Vona, G. (2017). State of the Nation Address of Mr. Gábor Vona. Retrieved from http://jobbik.com/state_of_the_nation_address_of_mr_gabor_vonaGoogle Scholar
Waterbury, M. (2006). Internal exclusion, external inclusion: Diaspora politics and party-building strategies in post-communist Hungary. East European Politics and Societies, 20(3), 483–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterbury, M. (2010). Between state and nation: Diaspora politics and kin-state nationalism in Hungary. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weyland, K. (2011). Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of latin American politics. Comparative Politics, 34(1), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuval-Davis, N. (1993). Gender and nation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16(4), 621–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar