Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T04:57:20.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The early Cold War and the Western welfare state

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2020

Klaus Petersen
Klaus Petersen*
Affiliation:
Centre for Welfare State Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
*
*Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper analyses possible links between the early Cold War and the Western welfare state. These have so far attracted far too little interest among both welfare state and Cold War scholars. The paper argues that the nature of the relationship between the Cold War and the welfare state is too complex to be formulated into a general theory and proposes a research strategy focussing on different mechanisms of interactions. It identifies and discusses four such mechanisms: The possible trade-offs between military and social expenses, the use of the Cold War in political and ideological debates on social reforms, social reforms as an anti-communist strategy, and finally how the Cold War influenced transnational social policy learning.

Keywords

welfare statecold warsocial reform
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , October 2013 , pp. 226 - 240
Copyright
Copyright © 2013 Taylor & Francis

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achinstein, A. (1950). The welfare state, public affairs bulletin no 83, library of congress legislative reference service. Washington: Library of Congress.Google Scholar
Aly, B. (Ed.). (1950). Welfare state. The twenty-fourth annual debate handbook. Columbia, MO: The National University Extension Association.Google Scholar
Béland, D., & Petersen, K. (Eds.). (in press). Analysing social policy language. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Bell, J. (2010). Social politics in a transoceanic world in the early Cold War years. Historical Journal, 53, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beveridge, W. (1942). Social insurance and allied services. London: His Majesty's Stationary Office.Google Scholar
Burgess, W. R. (1950). American democracy and the welfare state. Introduction. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 24, 109–111.Google Scholar
Burke, V. (1985). Guns or butter? War and the making of the welfare state. University of Michigan, Center for Research on Social Organization, Working Paper, 326.Google Scholar
Caputo, D. A. (1975). New perspectives on the public policy implications of defense and welfare expenditures in four modern democracies: 1950–1970. Policy Sciences, 6, 423–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, J. L. (1976). The fiscal limits of the warfare-welfare state: Defense and welfare spending in the United States since 1900. The Western Political Quarterly, 29(3), 364–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commager, H. S. (1949, May 15). Appraisal of the welfare state. New York Times Magazine.Google Scholar
Conrad, C. (2011). Social policy history after the transnational turn. In Kettunen, P. & Petersen, K. (Eds.), Beyond welfare state models (pp. 218–240). London: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Cooper, F. (1996). Decolonization and African cociety: The labor question in French and British Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronin, J. E. (2000). Convergence by conviction: Politics and economics in the emergence of the ‘Anglo-American Model’. Journal of Social History, 33, 781–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domke, W. K., Eichenberg, R. C., & Kelleher, C. M. (1983). The illusion of choice: Defense and welfare in advanced industrial countries, 1948–1978. American Political Science Review, 77, 19–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dryzek, J. & Goodin, R. E. (1986). Risk-sharing and social justice: The motivational foundations of the post-war welfare state. British Journal of Political Science, 16, 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwork, D. (1987). War is good for babies and other young children: A history of the infant and child welfare movement in England 1898–1918. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Edwards, R. C., Reich, M., & Weisskopf, T. (1972). The capitalist system: A radical analysis of American society. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Ellwood, D. (2012). The shock of America: Europe and the challenge of the century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engerman, D. C. (2003). Modernization from the other shore: American intellectuals and the romance of Russian development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Engerman, D. C. (2010). Ideology and the origin of the Cold War, 1917–1962. In Leffler, M. P. & Westad, O. A. (Eds.), The Cambridge history of the Cold War. Vol. 1 Origins (pp. 20–43). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1985). Politic against markets: The social democratic road to power. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press 1990.Google Scholar
Fleming, D. F. (1966). The costs and consequences of the Cold War. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 366, 127–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fordham, B. O. (2007). The evolution of republican and democratic positions on Cold War military spending: A historical puzzle. Social Science History, 31, 603–636.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1996). Nation-state and violence. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Gilman, N. (2003). Mandarins of the future. Modernization theory in Cold War America. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Gough, I. (1979). The political economy of the welfare state. London: MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Grazia, V. (2005). Irresistible empire. America's advance through 20th-century Europe. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hartman, S. W. (1973). The impact of defense expenditure on the domestic American economy. Public Administration Review, 33, 379–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgs, R. (1994). The Cold War economy: Opportunity, costs, ideology, and the politics of crisis. Explorations in Economic History, 21, 283–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hockerts, H. G. (1994). Soziale Errungenschaften? Zum sozialpolitischen Legitimitätsanspruch der zweiten deutschen Diktatur. In Kocka, J., Puhle, H.-J., & Tenfelde, K. (Eds.), Von der Arbeiterbewegung zum modernen Sozialstaat. Festsschrift für Gerhard A. Ritter zum 65. Geburtstag (pp. 790–804). München: De Gruyter Saur.Google Scholar
Hooks, G. & McQueen, B. (2010). American exceptionalism revisited: The military-industrial complex, racial tensions, and the underdeveloped welfare state. American Sociological Review, 75, 185–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoover, H. (1952). The last miles to collectivism. In Glueck, S. (Ed.), The welfare state and the national welfare: A symposium of some of the threatening tendencies of our times (pp. 180–181). Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley Press.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, J. G. (1989). Rethinking the origins of American hegemony. Political Science Quarterly, 104, 375–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasza, G. J. (1996). War and comparative politics. Comparative Politics, 28, 355–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katzenstein, P. (1985). Small states in world markets: Industrial policy in Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, R. (1984). After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kettunen, P. (2004). The nordic model and consensual competitiveness in Finland. In Castrén, A.-M., Lonkila, M., & Peltonen, M. (Eds.), Between sociology and history: Essays on microhistory, collective action and nation-building (pp. 289–309). Helsinki: Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura.Google Scholar
Kettunen, P. (2009). The nordic model and the international labour organization. In Götz, N. & Haggrén, H. (Eds.), Regional cooperation and international organizations. The nordic model in transnational alignment (pp. 67–87). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kettunen, P., & Petersen, K. (2010). Beyond welfare state models. London: Edward Elgars.Google Scholar
Klausen, J. (1998). War and welfare: Europe and United States 1945 to present. Houndsmill: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knorr, K. (1951). The European welfare state in the Atlantic system. World Politics, 3, 417–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kott, S. (2011). Par delá guerre froide. Les Organisations Internationales et les ciculations Est-Ouest (1947–1973). Vingtiemé siècle revue d'Histoire, 109, 143–153.Google Scholar
Kolstrup, S. (1996). Velfærdsstatens rødder. Copenhagen: SFAH.Google Scholar
Kott, S., & Droux, J. (Eds.). (2013). Globalizing social rights: The international labour organization and beyond. Basingstoke: MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laswell, H. D. (1941). The garrison state. American Journal of Sociology, 46, 455–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lidegaard, B. (2005). Kampen om Danmark. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Light, J. S. (2003). From warfare to welfare: Defense intellectuals and urban problems in Cold War America. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lowe, R. (2004). The welfare state in Britain since 1945. London: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Mann, M. (1988). States, war and capitalism. Cambridge: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mariager, R. & Petersen, K. (2004). Socialdemokratiet og forholdet til DKP under den tidlige kolde krig. Arbejderhistorie, 4, 55–76.Google Scholar
Marklund, C., & Petersen, K. (2013). Return to sender. American images of the nordic welfare state and nordic welfare state branding. European Journal of Scandinavian Studies, 43(2), 245–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, T. H. (1965). Social policy. London: Hutchinson University Library.Google Scholar
Maul, D. (2009). Help them move the ILO way: The international labor organization and the modernization discourse in the Era of decolonization and the Cold War. Diplomatic History, 33, 387–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, A. (1990). Guns vs. Butter. A disaggregated analysis. American Political Science Review, 84, 1283–1293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Misgeld, K. (1997). Den fackliga europavägen. LO, det internationella samarbetet och Europeas enande 1945–1991. Stockholm: Atlas.Google Scholar
Nehring, H. (2012). What was the Cold War? English Historical Review, 127, 920–949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, G. (Ed.). (1953). Freedom and welfare. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Google Scholar
NSC-68. (1950). A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary on United States Objectives and Programs for National Security Retrived from http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/coldwar/documents/pdf/10-1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Obinger, H. & Schmitt, C. (2011). Guns and Butter? Regime competition and the welfare state during the Cold War. World Politics, 63, 246–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connor, A. (2001). Poverty knowledge: Social science, social policy, and the poor in twentieth-century U.S. history. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offe, C. (1984). Contradictions of the welfare state. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Peacock, A. T., & Wiseman, J. (1961). The growth of public expenditure in the United Kingdom. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pedersen, S. (1993). Family, dependence and the origins of the welfare state. Britain and France 1914–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Petersen, K. (1998). Legitimität und Krise. Die politische Geschichte des dänischen Wohlfahrtsstaates 1945–1973. Berlin: Berlin Verlag.Google Scholar
Petersen, K. (2006). Constructing nordic welfare? Nordic social political cooperation 1919–1955. In Christiansen, N. F., Petersen, K., Edling, N., & Haave, P. (Eds.), The Nordic model of welfare: A historical re-apraisal (pp. 67–98). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.Google Scholar
Petersen, J. H., & Petersen, K. (2013). Confusion and divergence: Origins and meanings of the term “Welfare State” in Germany and Britain, 1840–1940. Journal of European Social Policy, 23(1), 37–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, K. & Schmidt, R. (2001). Gemensam nordisk front. De nordiske socialdemokratiske arbejderbevægelser og deres anti-kommunistiske samarbejde under den kolde krigj. Arbetarhistoria, 4, 42–46.Google Scholar
Petersen, K., Stewart, J., & Sørensen, M. K. (Eds.). (2013). American foundations and the European welfare states. Odense: University of Southern Denmark Press.Google Scholar
Porter, B. D. (1994). War and the rise of the state: Military foundations of modern politics. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Procter, L. (1950). The welfare state. Austin: Travis.Google Scholar
Ranio-Niemi, J. (2008). Small state cultures of consensus. State tradition and consensus-seeking in the neo-corporatist and neutrality policies in post 1945 Austria and Finland (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
Raskin, R. G., & Squires, G. D. (2012). Warfare welfare. The not-so-hidden costs of America's permanent war economy. Washington: Potomac Books.Google Scholar
Rausch, H. (2007). US-amerikanische Scientific Philanthropy in Frankreich, Deutschland und Großbritannien zwischen den Weltkriegen. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 22, 73–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, D. (1998). Atlantic crossings. Social politics in a progressive age. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, E. S. (2003). Missions to the world: American philanthropy abroad. In Friedmann, L. J., & McGarvie, M. D. (Eds.), Charity, philanthropy, and civility in American history (pp. 242–256). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Russett, B. M. (1969). Who pays for defense? American Political Science Review, 63, 412–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassoon, D. (1996). One hundred years of socialism: The West European left in the twentieth century. New York: Tauris.Google Scholar
Schulz, G. (Ed.). (2006). Geschichte der Sozialpolitik in Deutschland seit 1945, Vol. 3: Bundesrepublik 1949–1957. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag.Google Scholar
Seip, A.-L. (1994). Veiene til velferdsstaten, Norsk sosialpolitikk 1920–1975. Oslo: Norsk Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T. (1992). Protecting soldiers and mothers: The political origins of social policy in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Sparrow, J. T. (2011). Warfare state: World war II, Americans and the age of big government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stephan, A. (Ed.). (2005). American culture in Europe. Americanization & anti-americanism since 1945. New York: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Storrs, L. R. (2012). The second red scare and the unmaking of the new deal left. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thue, F. W. (2006). In the quest of a democratic social order: The Americanization of Norwegian social scholarship 1918–1970. Oslo: University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Titmuss, R. M. (1958). Essays on the welfare state. London: George Allan & Unwin.Google Scholar
Villaume, P. (1996). Allieret med forbehold. Copenhagen: Vandkunsten.Google Scholar
Walch, J. W. (1950). Complete handbook on the welfare state. Portland (Maine): [unknown].Google Scholar
Westad, O. A. (2005). The global Cold War. Third world interventions and the making of our times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westad, O. A. (2010). The cold war and the international history of the twentieth century. In Leffler, M. P. & Westad, O. A. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook on the cold war, Volume I (pp. 1–19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilensky, H. (1975). The welfare state and equality. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wincott, D. (2011). Images of welfare in law and society: The british welfare state in comparative perspective. Journal of Law and Society, 38, 343–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeliser, J. E. (2010). Governing America. The revival of political history. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar