Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T16:55:28.288Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Change in work-family reconciliation policy in France and the UK since 2008: the influence of economic crisis and austerity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2020

Jan Windebank*
Affiliation:
School of Languages and Cultures, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Abstract

This article compares work-family reconciliation policy since 2008 in two contrasting case-study countries, namely France and the UK, and investigates how post-2008 economic circumstances and austerity measures have interacted with other policy drivers to influence the extent and shape of change in this policy area in these countries. The article demonstrates that work-family reconciliation policy in both countries has been resilient in the face of economic and budgetary problems and progress has been made albeit from different starting points and in path-dependent ways to “degender” parental leave and to improve the affordability of and access to childcare particularly for those on lower incomes. However, it also reveals that in both countries, despite partisan consensus on the need to further develop policy, a combination of economic constraints and the opposition to reform of key social and political actors has put a brake on change.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afsa, C. (1998). L'allocation parentale d'éducation, entre politique familiale et politique d'emploi. INSEE Première, 595, 14.Google Scholar
Algava, E., Bresse, S., & Momic, M. (2005). Les bénéficiaires de l'Allocation parentale d'éducation: trajectoires d'activité et retour à l'emploi. Etudes et Résultats de la DREES, 399, 18.Google Scholar
Allen, V. (2016, September 9). Low shared parental leave take-up is due to pay rate, says research. CIPD blog. Retrieved from http://www.cipd.co.uk/pm/peoplemanagement/b/weblog/archive/2016/09/09/low-shared-parental-leave-take-up-is-due-to-pay-rate-says-research.aspxGoogle Scholar
Baird, M., & O'Brien, M. (2015). Dynamics of parental leave in Anglophone countries: The paradox of state expansion in liberal welfare regimes. Community, Work and Family, 18, 198217. doi:10.1080/13668803.2015.1021755CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boisnault, D., & Fichen, A. (2015). Enfants, politique familiale et fiscalité: Les transferts du système social-fiscal aux familles 2014. Lettre Trésor-Eco, 142. Retrieved from http://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/File/409076Google Scholar
Bonoli, G. (2013). Origins of active social policy: Labour market and childcare policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, D., & Céroux, B. (2012). Le congé parental dans les trajéctoires professionnelles féminines. L'e-ssentiel, 119, 14. Retrieved from https://www.caf.fr/sites/default/files/cnaf/Documents/Dser/essentiel/119_essentiel_-_conge_parental.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bradshaw, J., Skinner, C., & Van Lancker, W. (2015). Coverage of childcare in the European Union (ESPN Flash Report, 66). Retrieved from http://www.ESPN%20-%20Flash%20Report%202015–66%20-%20UK%20-%20November%202015.pdf.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ciccia, R., & Bleijenbergh, I. (2014). After the male breadwinner model? Childcare services and the division of labor in European Countries. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 21, 5079. doi:10.1093/sp/jxu002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, M. (2010). Shifts in family policy in the UK under new Labour. Journal of European Social Policy, 20, 433443. doi:10.1177/0958928710380480CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esping-Anderson, G. (1999). Social foundations of post-industrial economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Commission. (2016). Part-time work: A divided Europe. Employment, social affairs and inclusion news. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&newsId=2535&furtherNews=yesGoogle Scholar
European Union. (2016, March). Gender statistics. Eurostat statistics explained. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Gender_statisticsGoogle Scholar
Evertsson, M., England, P., Irma, M.-R., Hermsen, J., & Cotter, D. (2009). Is gender equality greater at lower or higher educational levels? Common patterns in the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 16, 210241. doi:10.1093/sp/jxp008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagan, C., & Norman, H. (2014, March). UK Childcare in the European context, policy briefing University of Manchester. Retrieved from http://www.policy.manchester.ac.uk/media/projects/policymanchester/992_Policy@Manchester_UK_Childcare_briefing_v5.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fagnani, J. (2000). Petits arbitrages et grands dilemmes. Paris: Bayard.Google Scholar
Fagnani, J. (2012). Recent reforms in childcare and family policies in France and Germany: What was at stake? Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 509516. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.10.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagnani, J., & Math, A. (2009). France: Equality a pipe dream? In Kamerman, S. & Moss, P. (Eds.), The politics of parental leave policies: Children, parenting, gender and the labour market (pp. 103118) Bristol: Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagnani, J., & Math, A. (2011). The predicament of childcare policy in France: What is at stake? Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 19, 547561. doi:10.1080/14782804.2011.639990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farnsworth, K., & Iriving, Z. (Eds.). (2011). Social policy in challenging times: Economic crisis and welfare systems. Bristol: Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrangina, E., & Seeleib-Kaiser, M. (2014). Determinants of a silent evolution: Understanding the expansion of family policy in rich OECD countries. Social Politics, 2, 137. doi:10.1093/sp/jxu027Google Scholar
Fleckenstein, T., & Seeleib-Kaiser, M. (2011). Business skills and the welfare state: The political economy of employment-oriented family policy in Britain and Germany. Journal of European Social Policy, 21, 136149. doi:10.1177/0958928710380483CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, P. (1993). Policy paradigm, social learning and the state: The case of economic policy making in Britain. Comparative Politics, 25, 275296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haut Conseil de la Famille. (2011). Architecture des aides aux familles: quelles évolutions pour les 15 prochaines années. Note du 28 avril. Retrieved from http://www.hcf-famille.fr/IMG/pdf/Architecture_des_aides_aux_familles___quelles_evolutions_pour_les_15_prochaines_annees-2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Haut conseil de la famille. (2014). Point sur le développement de l'accueil des jeunes enfants: annexe 9 October 2014. Retrieved from http://www.hcf-famille.fr/IMG/pdf/Annexes_AJE_2014_10_09-2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Haut Conseil de la Famille. (2015). Point sur le développement de l'accueil des jeunes enfants: Section 1 & 2 adoptées par consensus à la séance du 10 septembre 2015. Retrieved from http://www.hcf-famille.fr/IMG/pdf/2015_09_10_AJE_1ere_partie_bilan-3.pdfGoogle Scholar
Haux, T. (2011). Balancing work and family life – the next big challenge for policy-makers. Journal of European Social Policy, 21, 274277. doi:10.1177/0958928711408709CrossRefGoogle Scholar
INSEE. (2014). Dépenses des administrations publiques au sein de l'Union Européenne en 2014 en % du PIB. Retrieved from http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&ref_id=CMPTEF08311Google Scholar
INSEE. (2016). Dépense publique, Tableaux de l'Economie Française, March 2016. Retrieved from http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=T16F133Google Scholar
Jenson, J. (1986). Gender and reproduction. Or babies and the state. Studies in Political Economy, 20, 946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kesteman, N. (2009). Opinions des Français sur les politiques familiales et sociales début 2009. E-ssential, 92, 14. Retrieved https://www.caf.fr/sites/default/files/cnaf/Documents/Dser/essentiel/92%20-%20ESSENTIELl%20-%20Donn%E9es%20Cr%E9doc.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kvist, J. (2013). The post-crisis European social model: Developing or dismantling social investments? Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 29, 91. doi:10.1080/21699763.2013.809666CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitner, S. (2003). Varities of familialism: The caring function of the family in comparative perspective. European Societies, 5, 353375. doi:10.1080/1461669032000127642CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J. (1992). Gender and the development of welfare regimes. Journal of European Social Policy, 2, 159173. doi:10.1177/095892879200200301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J. (2013). Continuity and change in English childcare policy 1960–2000. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 20, 358386. doi:10.1093/sp/jxt013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J., & Campbell, M. (2007). Work/family balance policies in the UK since 1997: A new departure? Journal of Social Policy, 36, 365388. doi:10.1017/S0047279407001067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macleavy, J. (2011). A new politics of austerity, workfare and gender? The UK Coalition government's welfare reform proposal. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 4, 355367. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsr023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, C. (2010). The reframing of family policies in France: Processes and actors. Journal of European Social Policy, 20, 410421. doi:10.1177/0958928710380479CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matzke, M., & Ostner, I. (2010a). Introduction: Change and continuity in recent family policies. Journal of European Social Policy, 20, 387398. doi:10.1177/0958928710380484CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matzke, M., & Ostner, I. (2010b). Postscript: Ideas and agents of change in time. Journal of European Social Policy, 20, 468476. doi:10.1177/0958928710380484CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, A. (2002). Theorizing feminist policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, S. (2010). ‘Choice’ and ‘flexibility’ in reconciling work and family: Towards a convergence in policy discourse on work and family in France and the UK? Policy and Politics, 38, 321. doi:10.1332/030557309X445591Google Scholar
Ministère des Solidarités et de la Cohésion Sociale. (2011). La participation des hommes aux responsabilites parentales: Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin demande un rapport. Retrieved from www.solidarite.gouv.fr/actualite-presse,42/breves,409/la-participation-des-hommes-aux,13190.htmlGoogle Scholar
Morgan, K. (2013). Path shifting of the welfare state: Electoral competition and the expansion of work-family policies in Western Europe. World Politics, 65, 73115. doi:10.1017/S0043887112000251Google Scholar
Moss, P., & Deven, F. (2015). Leave policies in challenging times: Reviewing the decade 2004–2014. Community, Work and Family, 18, 137144. doi:10.1080/13668803.2015.1021094CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Observatoire national de la petite enfance. (2016). Chiffre clés de l'acceuil du jeune enfant. Lettre de l'Observatoire national de la petite enfance, 1, 16. Retrieved from https://www.caf.fr/sites/default/files/cnaf/LettreOnpeN1.pdfGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, M. (2013). Fitting fathers into work-family policies: International challenges in turbulent times. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 33, 542564. doi:10.1108/IJSSP-05-2013-0060CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD. (2014). PF2.2 Use of childbirth-related leave by mothers and fathers. Retrieved from www.oecd.org/els/fa,ily/database.htmGoogle Scholar
Ollier-Malaterre, A., Valcour, M., Den Dulk, L., & Kossek, E. E. (2013). Theorizing national context to develop comparative work-life research: A review and research agenda. European Management Journal, 31, 433447. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2013.05.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orloff, A. S. (2010). Farewell to maternalism? State policies and mothers’ employment. Institute for Policy Research Northwestern University Working Paper Series, WP-05-10. Retrieved from http://www.ipr.northwestern.edu/publications/papers/2005/ipr-wp-05-10.htmlGoogle Scholar
Park, A., Clery, E., Curtice, J., Phillips, M., & Utting, D. (Eds.). (2012). British Social attitudes 28. National Centre for Social Research. Retrieved from http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/media/38966/bsa28-full-report.pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfau-Effinger, B. (2004). Socio-historical paths of the male-breadwinner model – an explanation of cross-national differences. The British Journal of Sociology, 55, 377399. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00025.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, P. (2004). Politics in time: History, institutions and social analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxonberg, S. (2013). Defamilialization to degenderization: Toward a new welfare typology. Social Policy & Administration, 47, 2649. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2012.00836.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sly, F. (1994, November). Mothers in the labour market. Employment Gazette, pp. 403413.Google Scholar
Thévenon, O. (2011a). Family policies in OECD countries: A comparative analysis. Population and Development Review, 37, 5787. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00390.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thévenon, O. (2011b). Pourquoi reformer la politique d'accueil de la petite enfance en France? Comparaison avec les politiques d'autres pays de l'OCDE. Revue d'économie politique, 121, 667712. doi:10.3917/redp.215.0667CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldegrave, H. (2013). Quality childcare: Improving early years childcare. Policy Exchange. Retrieved from www.policyexchange.org.ukGoogle Scholar
White, L. (2004). Ideas and normative instutitonalization: Explaining the paradoxes of French family employment policy. French Politics, 2, 247271. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windebank, J. (2012). Reconciling work and family life for French mothers in the Sarkozy era: Working more to earn more? International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32, 576588. doi:10.1108/01443331211257661CrossRefGoogle Scholar