Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T14:09:59.613Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The politics of land property rights

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2019

Meina Cai ,
Ilia Murtazashvili  and
Jennifer Murtazashvili
Meina Cai
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Connecticut, USA
Ilia Murtazashvili*
Affiliation:
Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
Jennifer Murtazashvili
Affiliation:
Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Legal reforms that improve the security of private property rights to land have characteristics of a public good with dispersed benefits. However, nothing ensures that the state will provide property protection as a public good. Some states provide property protection selectively to powerful groups. Others are unable to provide property protection. In this paper, we argue that whether the state provides property protection as a public good, selectively, or cannot establish private property rights depends on the following features of politics: political stability, government capacity to administer and enforce private property rights, constraints on political decision-makers, and the inclusivity of political and legal institutions. We illustrate the theory using evidence from reforms that increased opportunities to privately own land in the US from the late eighteenth through nineteenth centuries, selective enforcement of land property rights in China, and the absence of credible legal rights to land in Afghanistan.

Keywords

Contract theory of the statepredatory theory of the stateprivate property rightspolitical institutionspolitical constraintsanarchyself-governance
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Institutional Economics , Volume 16 , Special Issue 2: Honour of Yoram Barzel , April 2020 , pp. 151 - 167
Copyright
Copyright © Millennium Economics Ltd 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemoglu, D. (2003), ‘Why Not a Political Coase Theorem? Social Conflict, Commitment, and Politics’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(4), 620–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, D. and Johnson, S. (2005), ‘Unbundling Institutions’, Journal of Political Economy, 113(5): 949–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aligica, P. D. (2014), Institutional Diversity and Political Economy: The Ostroms and Beyond, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aligica, P. D. and Boettke, P. J. (2009), Challenging Institutional Analysis and Development: The Bloomington School, New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, D. W. (1991), ‘Homesteading and Property Rights; Or, How the West Was Really Won’, Journal of Law and Economics, 34(1): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, D. W. (2011), The Institutional Revolution: Measurement and the Economic Emergence of the Modern World, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreas, J. and Zhan, S. (2016), ‘Hukou and Land: Market Reform and Rural Displacement in China’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 43(4): 798–827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, Y. Y. (2016), How China Escaped the Poverty Trap, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
AREU (2017), Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) – Afghanistan, Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit.Google Scholar
Arruñada, B. (2012), Institutional Foundations of Impersonal Exchange: Theory and Policy of Contractual Registries, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barfield, T. J. (2010), Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Barfield, T. J., Nojumi, N., and Thier, J. A. (2011), ‘The Clash of Two Goods: State and Non-state Dispute Resolution in Afghanistan’, in Isser, D. (ed.), Customary Justice and the Rule of Law in War-torn Societies, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, pp. 159–192.Google Scholar
Barzel, Y. (1997), Economic Analysis of Property Rights, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barzel, Y. (2002), A Theory of the State: Economic Rights, Legal Rights, and the Scope of the State, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Batchelder, R. W. and Freudenberger, H. (1983), ‘On the Rational Origins of the Modern Centralized State’, Explorations in Economic History, 20(1): 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazzi, S., Fiszbein, M. and Gebresilasse, M. (2017), ‘Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of ‘Rugged Individualism’ in the United States’, Working Paper no. 22397, NBER.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bensel, R. F. (1990), Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boettke, P. J. and Candela, R. (2019, forthcoming), ‘Productive Specialization, Peaceful Cooperation, and the Problem of the Predatory State: Lessons from Comparative Historical Political Economy’, Public Choice.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogue, A. G. (1958), ‘The Iowa Claim Clubs: Symbol and Substance’, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 45(2): 231–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogue, A. G. and Bogue, M. B. (1957), ‘“Profits” and the Frontier Land Speculator’, Journal of Economic History, 17(1): 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromley, D. W. (1991), Environment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Bromley, D. W. (2009), ‘Formalising Property Relations in the Developing World: The Wrong Prescription for the Wrong Malady’, Land Use Policy, 26(1): 20–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromley, D. W. (2019), Possessive Individualism: A Crisis of Capitalism, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cai, M. (2016), ‘Land for Welfare in China’, Land Use Policy. 55: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, M. and Sun, X. (2018), ‘Institutional Bindingness, Power Structure, and Land Expropriation in China’, World Development, 109(9): 172–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, H.-J. (2011), ‘Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 7(4): 473–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, S. N. (2005), Economic Explanation: Selected Papers of Steven N. S. Cheung, Hong Kong: Arcadia Press.Google Scholar
Clay, K. (1999), ‘Property Rights and Institutions: Congress and the California Land Act 1851’, Journal of Economic History, 59(1): 122–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coase, R. and Wang, N. (2012), How China Became Capitalist, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commons, J. R. (1924), Legal Foundations of Capitalism, New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Crews, R. D. (2015), Afghan Modern: The History of a Global Nation, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Soto, H. (2000), The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Deakin, S., Gindis, D., Hodgson, G. M., Huang, K. and Pistor, K. (2017), ‘Legal Institutionalism: Capitalism and the Constitutive Role of Law’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 45(1): 188–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demsetz, H. (1967), ‘Toward a Theory of Property Rights’, American Economic Review, 57(2): 347–359.Google Scholar
Deschamps, C. and Roe, A. (2009), Land Conflict in Afghanistan: Building Capacity to Address Vulnerability, Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit.Google Scholar
Dick, E. (1970), The Lure of the Land: A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Dougherty, K. L. (2001), Collective Action under the Articles of Confederation, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. B. (2002), Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Eusepi, G. and Wagner, R. E. (2010), ‘Polycentric Polity: Genuine vs. Spurious Federalism’, Review of Law & Economics, 6(3): 329–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foner, E. (1971), Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (2013), ‘What is Governance?’ Governance, 26(3): 347–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gailmard, S. and Jenkins, J. A. (2018), ‘Distributive Politics and Congressional Voting: Public Lands Reform in the Jacksonian Era’, Public Choice, 175(3–4): 259–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galiani, S. and Schargrodsky, E. (2010), ‘Property Rights for the Poor: Effects of Land Titling’, Journal of Public Economics, 94(9): 700–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, E. and Dang, L. (2015), ‘Addressing land conflict in Afghanistan’, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Gehlbach, S. and Keefer, P. (2011), ‘Investment without Democracy: Ruling-party Institutionalization and Credible Commitment in Autocracies’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 39(2): 123–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giustozzi, A. (2008), Koran, Kalashnikov, and Laptop: The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan 2002–2007, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Giustozzi, A. and Isaqzadeh, M. (2013), Policing Afghanistan: The Politics of the Lame Leviathan, London: C. Hurst.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, A. (2006), Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haber, , Razo, S. A., and Maurer, N. (2003), The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876–1929, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanifi, S. M. (2011), Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
He, B. and Thøgersen, S. (2010), ‘Giving the People a Voice? Experiments with Consultative Authoritarian Institutions in China’, Journal of Contemporary China, 19(66): 675–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heilmann, S. (2008), ‘Policy Experimentation in China's Economic Rise’, Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(1): 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heilmann, S. and Perry, E. J. (2011), Mao's Invisible Hand: The Political Foundations of Adaptive Governance in China, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Hendrickson, J. R., Salter, A. W. and Albrecht, B. C. (2018), ‘Preventing plunder: Military technology, capital accumulation, and economic growth’, Journal of Macroeconomics, 58: 154–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heurlin, C. (2016), Responsive Authoritarianism in China, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, P. (2001), ‘Who Owns China's Land? Policies, Property Rights and Deliberate Institutional Ambiguity’, China Quarterly, 166: 394–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, P. (2017), Unmaking China's Development: The Function and Credibility of Institutions, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, S. P. and Lin, G. C. (2003), ‘Emerging Land Markets in Rural and Urban China: Policies and Practices’, China Quarterly, 175: 681–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, G. M. (2015), Conceptualizing Capitalism: Institutions, Evolution, Future, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holcombe, R. G. (2014), ‘The economic theory of rights’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 10(3): 471–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holcombe, R. G. (2018), Political Capitalism: How Political Influence Is Made and Maintained, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, A. C. (2017), Forbearance as Redistribution: The Politics of Informal Welfare in Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsing, Y. (2010), The Great Urban Transformation: Politics of Land and Property in China, New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Y. (2003), Selling China: Foreign Direct Investment during the Reform Era, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huang, Y. (2008), Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanazawa, M. T. (1996), ‘Possession is Nine Points of the Law: The Political Economy of Early Public Land Disposal’, Explorations in Economic History, 33(2): 227–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanazawa, M. T. (1998), ‘Efficiency in Western Water Law: The Development of the California Doctrine, 1850–1911’, Journal of Legal Studies, 27(1): 159–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerekes, C. B. and Williamson, C. R. (2010), ‘Propertyless in Peru, Even with a Government Land Title’, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 69(3): 1011–1033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, J. (1992), Institutions and Social Conflict, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeson, P. T. (forthcoming), ‘Logic is a Harsh Mistress: Welfare Economics for Economists’, Journal of Institutional Economics.Google Scholar
Leeson, P. T. and Harris, C. (2018), ‘Wealth-Destroying Private Property Rights’, World Development, 107: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemke, J. S. (2016), ‘Interjurisdictional Competition and the Married Women's Property Acts’, Public Choice, 166(3–4): 291–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levi, M. (1988), Of Rule and Revenue, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Li, H. and Zhou, L.-A. (2005), ‘Political Turnover and Economic Performance: The Incentive Role of Personnel Control in China’, Journal of Public Economics, 89(9–10), 1743–1762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libecap, G. D. (1989), Contracting for Property Rights, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Libecap, G. D. and Lueck, D. (2011), ‘The Demarcation of Land and the Role of Coordinating Property Institutions’, Journal of Political Economy, 119(3): 426–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, G. C. (2009), Developing China: Land, Politics and Social Conditions. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, L. and Weingast, B. R. (2018), ‘Taobao, Federalism, and the Emergence of Law, Chinese Style’, Minnesota Law Review, 102(4): 1563–1590.Google Scholar
Liu, , Fang, Y. F., and Li, Y. (2014), ‘Key Issues of Land Use in China and Implications for Policy Making’, Land Use Policy in China, 40: 6–12, available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.03.013 (accessed 28 March 2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Man, J. Y., Zheng, S. and Ren, R. (2011), ‘Housing policy and housing markets: Trends, patterns, and affordability’, in Man, J. Y. (ed.), China's Housing Reforms and Outcomes, Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, pp. 3–18.Google Scholar
Manion, M. (2016), Information for Autocrats: Representation in Chinese Local Congresses, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. C. (2016), ‘Elite Capture: How Decentralization and Informal Institutions Weaken Property Rights in Rural China’, World Politics, 68(3): 383–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCloskey, D. N. (2010), Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittal, S. and Weingast, B. R. (2011), ‘Self-enforcing Constitutions: With an Application to Democratic Stability in America's First Century’, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 29(2): 278–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montinola, , Qian, G. Y. and Weingast, B. R. (1995), ‘Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China’, World Politics, 48(1): 50–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murtazashvili, I. (2013), The Political Economy of the American Frontier, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murtazashvili, I. and Murtazashvili, J. (2015), ‘Anarchy, Self-governance, and Legal Titling’, Public Choice, 162(3): 287–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murtazashvili, I. and Murtazashvili, J. (2016a), ‘Can Community-based Land Adjudication and Registration Improve Household Land Tenure Security? Evidence from Afghanistan’, Land Use Policy, 55: 230–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murtazashvili, I. and Murtazashvili, J., I., and Murtazashvili, J. (2016b), ‘When does the Emergence of a Stationary Bandit Lead to Property Insecurity?’ Rationality and Society, 28(3): 335–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murtazashvili, I. and Murtazashvili, J. (2017), ‘Coercive Capacity, Land Reform and Political Order in Afghanistan’, Central Asian Survey, 36(2): 212–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murtazashvili, I. and Murtazashvili, J. (2019, forthcoming), ‘The Political Economy of Legal Titling’, Review of Austrian Economics.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murtazashvili, J. (2012), Survey on Political Institutions, Elections, and Democracy in Afghanistan, Washington, DC: Democracy International.Google Scholar
Murtazashvili, J. (2016), Informal Order and the State in Afghanistan, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myerson, R. (2014), ‘Constitutional Structures for a Strong Democracy: Considerations on the Government of Pakistan’, World Development, 53(C): 46–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, D. C. (1981), Structure and Change in Economic History, New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
North, D. C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, D. C. (2005), Understanding the Process of Economic Change, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, D. C. and Rutten, A. (1987), ‘The Northwest Ordinance in Historical Perspective’, Essays on the Economy of the Old Northwest, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, pp. 19–31.Google Scholar
North, D. C. and Thomas, R. P. (1973), The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, D. C. and Weingast, B. R. (1989), ‘Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-century England’, Journal of Economic History, 49(4): 803–832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oi, J. C. and Rozelle, S. (2000), ‘Elections and power: The locus of decision-making in Chinese villages’, China Quarterly, 162: 513–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, M. (1993), ‘Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development’, American Political Science Review, 87(3): 567–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, E. (1990), Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, V. (1994), The Meaning of American Federalism: Constituting a Self-governing Society, San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies.Google Scholar
Ostrom, V. (2008), The Political Theory of a Compound Republic: Designing the American Experiment, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Qiao, S. (2017), Chinese Small Property: The Co-evolution of Law and Social Norms, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, A. (1900), The Life of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan, London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Rashid, A. (2010), Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Riker, W. H. and Sened, I. (1991), ‘A Political Theory of the Origin of Property Rights: Airport Slots’, American Journal of Political Science, 35(4): 951–969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rithmire, M. E. (2015), Land Bargains and Chinese Capitalism: The Politics of Property Rights under Reform, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rithmire, M. E. (2017), ‘Land Institutions and Chinese Political Economy: Institutional Complementarities and Macroeconomic Management’, Politics & Society, 45(1): 123–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrik, D., Subramanian, A. and Trebbi, F. (2004), ‘Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and Integration in Economic Development’, Journal of Economic Growth, 9(2): 131–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothstein, B. (2015), ‘The Chinese Paradox of High Growth and Low Quality of Government: The Cadre Organization Meets Max Weber’, Governance, 28(4): 533–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, B. R. (2002), The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Salter, A. W. (2015), ‘Rights to the Realm: Reconsidering Western Political Development’, American Political Science Review, 109(4): 725–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salter, A. W. and Hall, A. R. (2015), ‘Calculating Bandits: Quasi-corporate Governance and Institutional Selection in Autocracies’, in Coyne, C. J. and Storr, V. H. (eds), New Thinking in Austrian Political Economy, Emerald Group, pp. 193–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sargeson, S. (2013), ‘Violence as Development: Land Expropriation and China's Urbanization’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(6): 1063–1085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlager, E. and Ostrom, E. (1992), ‘Property-rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis’, Land Economics, 68(3): 249–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, J. C. (2017), Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sened, I. (1997), The Political Institution of Private Property, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sonin, K. (2003), ‘Why the Rich May Favor Poor Protection of Property Rights’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(4): 715–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swierenga, R. P. (1966), ‘Land Speculator “Profits” Reconsidered: Central Iowa as a Test Case’, Journal of Economic History, 26(1): 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, E. A. (1974), ‘Taxation and National Defense’, Journal of Political Economy, 82(4): 755–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, E. A. (1979), ‘An Economic Basis for the “National Defense Argument” for Aiding Certain Industries’, Journal of Political Economy, 87(1): 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsai, K. S. (2007), Capitalism without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Umbeck, J. (1977), ‘A Theory of Contract Choice and the California Gold Rush’, Journal of Law and Economics, 20(2): 421–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vahabi, M. (2004), The Political Economy of Destructive Power, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vahabi, M. (2009), ‘An Introduction to Destructive Coordination’, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 68(2): 353–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vahabi, M. (2011), ‘Appropriation, Violent Enforcement, and Transaction Costs: A Critical Survey’, Public Choice, 147(1–2): 227–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vahabi, M. (2015), The Political Economy of Predation: Manhunting and the Economics of Escape, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vahabi, M. (2016), ‘A Positive Theory of the Predatory State’, Public Choice, 168(3–4): 153–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vahabi, M. (2018), ‘The Resource Curse Literature as Seen through the Appropriability Lens: A Critical Survey’, Public Choice, 175(3–4): 393–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weingast, B. R. (1995), ‘The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-preserving Federalism and Economic Development’, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 11(1): 1–31.Google Scholar
Weingast, B. R. (1997), ‘The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law’, American Political Science Review, 91(2): 245–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weingast, B. R. (2017), ‘Adam Smith's Theory of Violence and the Political Economics of Development’, in Lamoreaux, N. R. and Wallis, J. J. (eds), Organizations, Civil Society, and the Roots of Development, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–81.Google Scholar
Whiting, S. H. (2000), Power and Wealth in Rural China: The Political Economy of Institutional Change, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, C. R. (2009), ‘Informal Institutions Rule: Institutional Arrangements and Economic Performance’, Public Choice, 139(3–4): 371–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, C. R. and Kerekes, C. B. (2011), ‘Securing Private Property: Formal versus Informal Institutions’, Journal of Law and Economics, 54(3): 537–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, C. (2011), ‘The Fundamental Institutions of China's Reforms and Development’, Journal of Economic Literature, 49(4): 1076–1151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Z. and Chen, J. (2014), Housing Affordability and Housing Policy in Urban China, New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoo, D. and Steckel, R. H. (2016), ‘Property Rights and Economic Development: The Legacy of Japanese Colonial Institutions’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 12(3): 623–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar