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Dracunculiasis: water-borne anthroponosis vs. food-borne zoonosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2019

M.T. Galán-Puchades Open the ORCID record for M.T. Galán-Puchades [Opens in a new window]
M.T. Galán-Puchades*
Affiliation:
ParaHealth Research Group Director, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
*
Author for correspondence: M.T. Galán-Puchades, E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Dracunculiasis is the first parasitic disease set for eradication. However, recent events related to the Dracunculus medinensis epidemiology in certain African countries are apparently posing new challenges to its eradication. Two novel facts have emerged: the existence of animal reservoirs (mainly dogs but also cats and baboons), and possibly a new food-borne route of transmission by the ingestion of paratenic (frogs) or transport (fish) hosts. Therefore, instead of being exclusively a water-borne anthroponosis, dracunculiasis would also be a food-borne zoonosis. The existence of a large number of infected dogs, mainly in Chad, and the low number of infected humans, have given rise to this potential food-borne transmission. This novel route would concern not only reservoirs, but also humans. However, only animals seem to be affected. Dracunculus medinensis is on the verge of eradication due to the control measures which, classically, have been exclusively aimed at the water-borne route. Therefore, food-borne transmission is probably of secondary importance, at least in humans. In Chad, reservoirs would become infected through the water-borne route, mainly in the dry season when rivers recede, and smaller accessible ponds, with a lower water level containing the infected copepods, appear, whilst humans drink filtered water and, thus, avoid infection. The total absence of control measures aimed at dogs (or at other potential reservoirs) up until the last years, added to the stimulating reward in cash given to those who find parasitized dogs, have presumably given rise to the current dracunculiasis scenario in Chad.

Keywords

Guinea worm eradication campaignreservoirsdog dracunculiasiswater-borne transmissionfood-borne transmission
Type
Review Article
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 94 , 2020 , e76
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

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