Checklist of parasites associated with ʻreptiles’ in Northeast Brazil

Abstract

Reptiles, as well as other vertebrate groups, harbour a significant diversity of parasitic organisms, from nematodes and other helminths to viruses and bacteria. The Northeast is one of the richest regions in Brazil in terms of the reptile diversity, number of species and endemism. Parasites are diverse organisms and knowledge about the parasitic fauna of vertebrates is an important factor in understanding the ecological relationships between hosts and the environment. Studies on the parasitic fauna of reptiles in South America have increased in the past few years. The present review is a compilation of 122 studies published from 1924 to 2021. We present information on 101 species of reptiles from five groups (amphisbaenians, crocodile, testudines, snakes and lizards) and 183 parasitic taxa belonging to four phyla: Nematoda; Arthropoda; Platyhelminthes; and Acanthocephala. Nematodes were the most frequently recorded species. Lizards and snakes had more records of parasitism and higher levels of parasite richness and diversity. Ceará was the state with most studies and recorded cases of parasite–host association. The Caatinga and Atlantic Forest were the most investigated environments. The objective of this review was to contribute knowledge on the parasitic biodiversity in reptiles from Northeast Brazil, which may help identify gaps in our knowledge and guide future studies.

Introduction

Parasites are incredibly diverse microorganisms and play an essential role in ecological and evolutionary processes (Gómez & Nichols, 2013). For instance, they are some of the main regulators of some vertebrate species populations (Watson, 2013), therefore, they should be considered important elements for conservation (Gómez & Nichols, 2013). The term ‘parasite’ encompasses a diverse range of life forms that are usually smaller in size than their hosts, can inhabit them externally or internally and have a population distribution that varies from homogeneous to aggregate, making distribution difficult. The lack of knowledge about diversity can also be linked to limited sampling efforts (Okamura et al., 2018).

Reptiles comprise an essential group of terrestrial vertebrates with more than 11,500 species known worldwide (Uetz & Hosek, 2022), and about 848 species in Brazil (Costa et al., 2021). They are crucial in developing conservation strategies, especially in discontinuous or isolated environments (Rodrigues, 2003), as they are ecosystem agents capable of influencing important environmental changes (Miranda, 2017), and they also have significant economic and social importance (Boas et al., 2014). Despite all this, among the vertebrates, the reptiles have some of the fewest descriptions of their parasitic fauna (Carlson et al., 2020).

More than 400 species of reptiles can be found in Northeast Brazil, making it the second richest region in the country in terms of reptile biodiversity (Costa et al., 2021). Important surveys on the parasitic fauna of reptiles have been carried out in Brazil and South America (Vicente et al., 1993; Ávila & Silva, 2010); however, the discovery of new parasitic species, points of occurrence and parasite–host associations make reviewing this information an ongoing and necessary process. Surveys and reviews of the parasitic fauna contribute to global estimates of the diversity and distribution of these organisms, revealing the evolutionary history of related species (González et al., 2021), and serving as an essential source of information for future research.

This study presents a compilation of data on parasitism in reptiles from Northeast Brazil, indicating the host and parasite species, the location of the association's record, parasitized organs and authors of the original records. It also lists the number of parasitic species, diversity, distribution and host range.

Material and methods

Study area

The Northeast Brazil region is located in the eastern end of tropical South America (Molion & Bernardo, 2002), it is about 1,558,196 km², equivalent to 18% of the national territory (Silva et al., 2011), and comprises nine states: Maranhão; Piauí; Ceará; Rio Grande do Norte; Paraíba; Pernambuco; Alagoas; Sergipe; and Bahia (fig. 1). The region is divided into four major regions: Mata, Agreste, Sertão and Meio-Norte (Garcia, 2017), where portions of biomes such as the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, are found (BRASIL, 2017); however, the Caatinga is the predominant biome (Araújo, 2014). Four types of climates are present in Northeast Brazil: equatorial humid; coastal humid; tropical; and tropical semi-arid (Silva et al., 2011). In terms of herpetofauna, it is the second richest region in Brazil, housing about 180 species of amphibians (Freitas, 2011), and 389 species (406 species + subspecies) of reptiles (Costa et al., 2021).

Fig. 1. Northeast Brazil and its nine states: MA, Maranhão; PI, Piauí; CE, Ceará; RN, Rio Grande do Norte; PB, Paraíba; PE, Pernambuco; AL, Alagoas; SE, Sergipe; and BA, Bahia.

Literature research and review

The literature on parasitism in reptiles from Northeast Brazil is based on information obtained from online databases (such as PubMed, BioOne, Jstor, Scielo, Google Scholar, Web de Science and ScienceDirect). Scientific notes, articles, books, book chapters, dissertations, theses and published manuscripts were analysed. Works published between the years 1924 and 2021 were considered. In each study the host species, associated parasites, infected organs and the location of the record were analysed. The groups of reptiles included in this study were amphisbaenians, testudines, snakes, crocodiles and lizards. For parasites were considered: helminths; pentastomids; ticks; and mites.

For host taxonomy we followed Costa et al. (2021) and the taxonomy of parasites we followed Anderson et al. (2009) for nematodes, Christoffersen & De Assis (2013) for pentastomids, Amin (2013) for acanthocephalans, Lunaschi & Drago (2007) and Fernandes & Kohn (2014) for trematodes, Paredes-León et al. (2008) and Cuellar et al. (2022) for cestodes, Barros-Battesti et al. (2006), Martins et al. (2010), Andreotti et al. (2016), Nava et al. (2017) for ticks and varied literature for mites (Paredes-León et al., 2008; Mendoza-Roldan et al., 2020). For all groups of parasites, the SiBBr (Information System on Brazilian Biodiversity, n.d.) database was also consulted.

The hosts’ names are listed in alphabetical order and parasites are presented in alphabetical order under their Phylum, Class, Order, Family and Genus. Hosts and localities bear a number in parentheses that identifies the locality and reference of each original record. The site of infection in some cases was described as ‘Not specified’ because it was not reported in the original record. The remarks sections contain information and mention taxonomy data on hosts and parasites. Abbreviations for localities cited are: Maranhão (MA); Piauí (PI); Ceará (CE); Rio Grande do Norte (RN); Paraíba (PB); Pernambuco (PE); Alagoas (AL); Sergipe (SE); and Bahia (BA). Other relevant abbreviations include: ESEC (Ecological Station); RPPN (Private Natural Heritage Reserve); and REBIO (Biological Reserve).

Results

We report 183 parasite taxa belonging to four phyla for Northeast Brazilian reptiles: Nematoda (20 families and 38 genera); Arthropoda (12 families and 9 genera); Platyhelminthes (14 families and 21 genera); and Acanthocephala (three families and three genera). These were registered for 101 host species: seven amphisbaenas; one crocodile species; seven testudines (two species of Chelidae, two Cheloniidae, one Kinosternidae and two Testudinidae); 30 snakes; and 56 lizards. All states presented records of parasitism for at least one group of reptile included in this study. Ceará was the state with the highest number of investigations (about 44% of all studies), followed by Pernambuco (26%), Bahia and Paraiba (both with 13%), Rio Grande do Norte (7%), Piauí and Sergipe (6% each), Maranhão (3%) and Alagoas (2%). Ceará was also the state with the highest quantity and diversity of investigated reptile species (42) (fig. 2), followed by Pernambuco (38), Bahia (29), Paraíba (24), Sergipe (16), Rio Grande do Norte (12), Piauí (6), and Maranhão and Alagoas (five species in each state). The Caatinga and Atlantic Forest were the most investigated environments. In both, lizards were the most studied group regarding parasite fauna, followed by snakes, amphisbaenas and testudines. The Cerrado presented a low number of records, both of host and parasite species.

Fig. 2. Number of reptiles’ species with recorded parasite–host association in each state of Northeast Brazil

ACANTHOCEPHALA

Phylum: Acanthocephala Kohlreuther, 1771

Class: Archiacanthocephala Meyer, 1931

Order: Oligacanthorhynchida Petrochenko, 1956

Family: Oligacanthorhynchidae Southwell & Macfie, 1925

Oligacanthorhynchus Travassos, 1915

Oligacanthorhynchus sp.

Hosts: Ameiva ameiva (1), Ameivula ocellifera (2), Gymnodactylus geckoides (2), Philodryas nattereri (4), Phyllopezus pollicaris (2), Pseudoboa nigra (5), Tropidurus hispidus (6), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (2, 7)

Localities: (1) Mata do Pau Ferro – PB; (2) Alto Sertão – SE; (3) Mata de Goiamunduba, Mata Sítio Socorro – PB; (4) Exu – PE; (5) Piauí – PI, Ceará – CE, Pernambuco – PE; (6) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (7) Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN

Infection sites: Coelomic cavity, cavity, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Teixeira et al. (2020); (2) Araújo Filho et al. (2020); (3) Teixeira et al. (2020, 2021); (4) Araújo Filho et al. (2018); (5) Matias et al. (2018); (6) Brito et al. (2014a, b); (7) Brito et al. (2014b)

Class: Palaeacanthocephala Meyer, 1931

Order: Polymorphida Petrochenko, 1956

Family: Centrorhynchidae Van Cleave, 1916

Centrorhynchidae undetermined

Hosts: Hemidactylus agrius (1), Hemidactylus mabouia (2)

Localities: (1) Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu – CE; (2) Paulino Neves – MA, Parnaíba – PI

Infection site: Body cavity.

References: (1) Anjos et al. (2011); (2) Bezerra et al. (2020)

Centrorhynchus Lutz, 1913

Centrorhynchus sp.

Host: Erythrolamprus viridis

Locality: Várzea Alegre, Aiuaba – CE.

Infection site: Body cavity.

Reference: Quirino et al. (2018)

Cistacant of Centrorhynchus sp.

Host: Anolis fuscoauratus

Locality: Serra de Maranguape, Serra de Baturité, Parque Nacional Ubajara – CE

Infection site: Coelomic cavity.

Reference: Mesquita et al. (2020)

Remarks: Called Norops fuscoauratus in this paper.

Order: Echinorhynchida Southwell & Macfie, 1925

Family: Echinorhynchidae Cobbold, 1876

Echinorhynchidae undetermined

Host: Psychosaura macrorhyncha

Locality: Trancoso – BA

Infection site: Stomach tract.

Reference: Vrcibradic et al. (2001)

Remarks: Called M. macrorhyncha in this paper.

Acanthocephalus Kohlreuther, 1771

Acanthocephalus sp.

Host: Pseudoboa nigra

Localities: Ceará – CE, Pernambuco – PE

Infection site: Stomach.

Reference: Matias et al. (2018)

Cistacant undetermined

Hosts: Ameivula ocellifera (1), Ameivula pyrrhogularis (3), Gymnodactylus darwinii (7), Gymnodactylus geckoides (1, 2), Leptodeira annulata (4), Philodryas olfersii (5), Phyllopezus pollicaris (1), Tropidurus hispidus (1), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (1), Trachylepis atlântica (6)

Localities: (1) Alto Sertão – SE; (2) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas – CE; (3) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas, Dom Quintino, Quitaiús – CE; (4) Aiuaba, Barro, Farias Brito, Jati, Mauriti – CE; (5) Ilha Grande – PI; (6) Fernando de Noronha – PE; (7) Mata do Camucim, Mata do Tapacurá, São Lourenço da Mata – PE

Infection sites: Stomach, body cavity and wall of the gastrointestinal tract.

References: (1) Araújo Filho et al. (2020); (2) Alcantara et al., 2019); (3) Silva et al. (2019b); (4) Carvalho et al. (2018); (5) Castro Araújo et al. (2020); (6) Bursey et al. (2010); (7) Oitaven et al. (2019)

Encysted larva

Host: Ameivula pyrrhogularis

Localities: ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas, Dom Quintino, Quitaiús, – CE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Silva et al. (2019b)

ARTHROPODA

Phylum: Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848

Class: Arachnida Lamarck, 1801

Family: Cheyletidae Leach, 1815

Cheyletidae

Host: Ameivula ocellifera

Localities: Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Xavier et al. (2019)

Family: Glycyphagidae

Host: Ameivula ocellifera

Localities: Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Xavier et al. (2019)

Order: Ixodida Leach, 1815

Family: Argasidae Murray, 1877

Ornithodoros Koch, 1844

Ornithodoros mimon Kohls, Clifford & Jones, 1969

Host: Corallus hortulana

Locality: Chapada do Araripe – CE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Alcantara et al. (2018b)

Ornithodoros rietcorreai Labruna, Nava & Venzal, 2016

Host: Leptodeira annulata

Locality: Farias Brito – CE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Alcantara et al. (2018b)

Ornithodoros sp.

Hosts: Leptodeira annulata (1), Oxyrhopus trigeminus (2), Philodryas olfersii (2)

Localities: (1) Jati – CE; (2) Barro – CE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Alcantara et al. (2018b)

Family: Ixodidae Murray, 1877

Amblyomma Koch, 1844

Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844

Hosts: Ameiva ameiva (1), Iguana iguana (2), Tropidurus hispidus (3)

Localities: (1) Chapadinha – MA; (2) Ribeiro Gonçalves – PI; (3) São Lourenço da Mata – PE

Infection site: Near the mouth.

References: (1) Lopes et al. (2010); (2) Alcantara et al. (2018b); (3) Dantas-Torres et al. (2008)

Amblyomma fuscum Neumann, 1907

Hosts: Boa constrictor (1, 2, 3), Caiman latirostris (4)

Localities: (1) Parque dois Irmãos – PE; (2) Igarassu, São Lourenço da Mata – PE; (3) João Pessoa – PB, Recife – PE; (4) Estação Ecológica do Tapacurá, São Lourenço da Mata – PE

Infection site: Between the scales of the dorsal region of the body, ventral region.

References: (1) Cunha et al. (1999); (2) Dantas-Torres et al. (2008); (3) Dantas-Torres et al. (2010); (4) Dantas-Torres et al. (2019)

Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844

Hosts: Atractus guentheri (12), Boa constrictor (18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23), Bothrops leucurus (gr. atrox) (4, 5), Bothrops erythromelas (6), Caiman latirostris (1), Chelonoidis carbonarius (2), Chelonoidis denticulatus (2), Chironius flavolineatus (14), Corallus hortulana (18), Crotalus durissus cascavella (7), Drymarchon corais (13), Epicrates assissi (24), Epicrates cenchria (18); Eunectes murinus (25), Helicops carinicaudus (18), Iguana iguana (8, 9, 10), Lygophis dilepis (15), Mesoclemmys tuberculata (3), Micrurus ibiboboca (26), Micrurus lemniscatus (5), Oxyrhopus trigeminus (16), Philodryas olfersii (5) Philodryas nattereri (5), Tropidurus hispidus (11), Xenodon merremii (18), Xenopholis scalaris (17)

Localities: (1) Parque Dois Irmãos, Recife, Estação Ecológica do Tapacurá, São Lourenço da Mata – PE; (2, 18) Parque Dois Irmãos – PE; (3) Camaçari – BA; (4) Crato, Barbalha – CE; (5) Salvador – BA; (6) Farias Brito – CE; (7, 8) Igarassu – PE; (9, 24) Parque Arruda Câmara – PB; (10) Mata de São João – BA; (11) Aiuaba – CE; (12) Ilhéus – BA; (13) Guaramiranga – CE; (14) Caririaçu, Barbalha – CE; (15) Crato – CE; (16) ESEC Aiuaba, Barro – CE; (17) RPPN Pedra D'antas, Lagoa dos Gatos; (19) Mossoró – RN; (20) São Lourenço da Mata – PE; (21) João Pessoa – PB, Recife – PE; (22) Custódia – PE; (23) Salvador, Candeias, Feira de Santana, Mata de São João – BA; (25) Salvador, Lauro de Freitas, Feira de Santana – BA; (26) ESEC Aiuaba, Barbalha – CE

Infection site: Near the mouth, tail, near of the head, ventral region near the neck, head.

References: (1) Dantas-Torres et al. (2019); (2, 9, 21) Dantas-Torres et al. (2010); (3, 5, 10, 23, 25) Fonseca et al. (2020); (4, 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) Alcantara et al. (2018b); (7) Dantas-Torres et al. (2005); (8, 20) Dantas-Torres et al. (2008); (11) Quirino et al. (2016); (12) Mendoza-Roldan et al. (2020); (18) Cunha et al. (2003); (19) Labruna et al. (2007); (24) Batista et al. (2021); (22) Horta et al. (2011); (26) Alcantara et al. (2018b)

Amblyomma sp.

Hosts: Ameiva ameiva (1), Anolis brasiliensis (7), Boa constrictor (2, 3), Bothrops leucurus (gr. atrox) (4), Chironius exoletus (10), Chironius flavolineatus (11), Copeoglossum arajara (5), Epicrates cenchria (2), Erythrolamprus viridis (12), Leptodeira annulata (13), Lygophis dilepis (14), Micrurus ibiboboca (6), Oxyrhopus trigeminus (15), Philodryas nattereri (16), Philodryas olfersii (17), Philodryas sp. (20), Pseudoboa nigra (18), Spilotes pullatus (20), Tantilla melanocephala (8), Tropidurus hispidus (8, 9), Tropidurus sp. (3), Xenopholis scalaris (19)

Localities: (1) Chapadinha – MA; (2) Parque Arruda Camara – PB, (3) Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos – PE; (4) Araripe – CE; (5) Ipú – CE;(6, 7) Crato – CE; (8) São Lourenço da Mata – PE; (9) Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana – SE; (10) Timon – MA; (11) Barbalha – CE; (12) Farias Brito – CE; (13) Várzea Alegre – CE; (14) Exu – PE; (15) Barbalha, Farias Brito – CE, Exu – PE, Quebrangulo – AL; (16) Barro – CE, Exu – PE; (17) Barro – CE; (18) Lavras da Mangabeira – CE, Ouricuri – PE; (19) RPPN Pedra D'antas, Lagoa dos Gatos – PE; (20) Recife – PE

Infection site: Right side of the entire neck ‘mite pocket’.

References: (1) Lopes et al. (2010), (2, 3, 20) Dantas-Torres et al. (2010); (4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19) Alcantara et al. (2018b); (8) Dantas-Torres et al. (2008), (9) Santana et al. (2017)

Remarks: Host A. brasiliensis reported in Alcantara et al. (2018b) as N. brasiliensis.

Order: Mesostigmata Canestrini, 1891

Mesostigmata

Hosts: Ameivula ocellifera, Ameivula nigrigula

Localities: Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Xavier et al. (2019)

Family: Ascidae Oudemnas, 1905

Host: Ameivula nigrigula

Localities: Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Xavier et al. (2019)

Family: Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916

Hosts: Ameivula ocellifera, Ameivula nigrigula

Localities: Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Xavier et al. (2019)

Order: Trombidiformes Reuter, 1909

Family: Pterygosomatidae Oudemans, 1910

Bertrandiella Paredes-Léon, Klompen and Pérez, 2012

Bertrandiella jimenezi Paredes-Léon & Morales-Malacara, 2012

Hosts: Gymnodactylus geckoides (1), Phyllopezus pollicaris (2)

Localities: (1) Piranhas – AL, Canindé de São Francisco – SE, Angicos – RN; (2) Piranhas – AL, Canindé de São Francisco – SE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: (1, 2) Mendoza-Roldan et al. (2020)

Geckobia Mégnin, 1878

Geckobia hemidactyli Lawrence, 1936

Host: Hemidactylus mabouia

Locality: Mata de Tejipó - PE

Infection site: Axillary, dorsal, ventral and pelvic regions.

Reference: Oliveira et al. (2019c)

Geckobiella Hirst, 1917

Geckobiella harrisi Davidson, 1985

Host: Tropidurus hispidus

Locality: Mata de Tejipó – PE

Infection site: Mite pocket.

Reference: Oliveira et al. (2019c)

Geckobiella sp.

Host: Tropidurus hispidus

Locality: Chapada do Araripe – CE

Infection site: Evenly distributed by the scales all over the body.

Reference: Delfino et al. (2011)

Prostigmata Kramer, 1877

Host: Ameivula ocellifera

Localities: Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Xavier et al. (2019)

Tarsonemidae Kramer, 1877

Host: Ameivula ocellifera

Localities: Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE

Infection site: Not specified.

Reference: Xavier et al. (2019)

Family: Trombiculidae Ewing, 1929

Eutrombicula Ewing, 1938

Eutrombicula alfreddugesi Oudemnas, 1910

Hosts: Ameivula ocellifera (1), Ameivula nigrigula (1), Lygodactylus klugei (2), Strobilurus torquatus (3), Trachylepis atlântica (4), Tropidurus cocorobensis (5), Tropidurus erythrocephalus (5), Tropidurus hispidus (5) Tropidurus semitaeniatus (5), Tropidurus hispidus (6), Tropidurus torquatus (7)

Localities: (1) Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE; (2) Jati – CE; (3) Parque Nacional Serra de Iatabaiana – SE; (4) Fernando de Noronha – PE; (5) Morro do Chapéu – BA; (6) Chapada do Araripe – CE; (7) Trancoso, Prado – BA

Infection sites: All over the body, attached to the centre of the back, on the thigh, between the fingers, near the knee and mite pocket.

References: (1) Xavier et al. (2019), (2) Sousa et al. (2021); (3) Silva et al. (2021); (4) Mendoza-Roldan et al. (2020); (5) Menezes et al. (2011); (6) Delfino et al. (2011); (7) Rocha et al. (2020)

Eutrombicula aff. alfreddugesi

Hosts: Tropidurus cocorobensis, Tropidurus erythrocephalus, Tropidurus hispidus, Tropidurus semitaeniatus

Locality: Morro do Chapéu – BA

Infection sites: Gular region and groin.

Reference: Rocha et al. (2008)

Eutrombicula sp.

Host: Kentropyx calcarata

Locality: Mata de Tejipó, Recife – PE

Infection sites: Throat skin folds and post femoral regions.

Reference: Oliveira et al. (2019c)

NEMATODA

Phylum: Nematoda

Class: Secernentea

Order: Ascaridida Sprehn, 1927

Family: Anisakidae Skrjabin & Karokhin, 1945

Anisakis Dujardin, 1844

Anisakis sp. larvae

Host: Eretmochelys imbricata

Localities: Ceará – CE, Bahia – BA

Infection site: Liver.

Reference: Werneck et al. (2015)

Family: Ascarididae Baird, 1853

Hexametra Travassos, 1919

Hexametra boddaertii Baird, 1860

Hosts: Ameivula ocellifera (1), Glaucomastix abaetensis (1), Leptodeira annulata (2), Pseudoboa nigra (3), Psychosaura macrorhyncha (4), Tropidurus hispidus (5)

Localities: (1) Dunas do Abaeté – BA; (2) Aiuaba, Barro, Farias Brito, Jati, Mauriti – CE; (3) Piauí – PI, Ceará – CE, Pernambuco – PE; (4) Trancoso – BA; (5) Fazenda Experimental do Vale do Curu – CE

Infection sites: Lung, body cavity, coelomic cavity, stomach and small intestine.

References: (1) Dias et al. (2005); (2) Carvalho et al. (2018); (3) Matias et al. (2018); (4) Rocha & Vrcibradic (2003); (4) Vrcibradic et al. (2001); (5) Galdino et al. (2014)

Remarks: Hosts A. ocellifera and G. abaetensis are reported in Dias et al. (2005) as C. ocellifer and C. abaetensis, respectively. Host P. macrorhyncha reported in Vrcibradic et al. (2001) as M. macrorhyncha.

Ophidascaris Baylis, 1920

Ophidascaris cretinorum Freitas, 1968

Host: Ophidia undetermined

Locality: Maranhão – MA

Infection site: Stomach.

Reference: Vicente et al. (1993)

Remarks: Host indicated by the original authors as probably being a cobra-coral.

Ophidascaris sp.

Host: Anolis brasiliensis

Locality: Crato – CE

Infection site: Stomach.

Reference: Amorim & Ávila (2019)

Remarks: Called Norops brasiliensis in this paper.

Family: Atractidae Railliet, 1917

Atractis Dujardin, 1845

Atractis sp.

Host: Iguana iguana

Localities: Aiuaba, Barro, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Moreilândia – PE

Infection sites: Small intestine and large intestine.

Reference: Teles et al. (2016)

Cyrtosomum Gedoelst, 1919

Cyrtosomum sp.

Host: Anolis fuscoauratus

Localities: Serra de Maranguape, Serra de Baturité, Parque Nacional Ubajara – CE

Infection site: Large intestine.

Reference: Mesquita et al. (2020)

Remarks: Called Norops fuscoauratus in this paper.

Maracaya Díaz-Hungria, 1964

Maracaya graciai Díaz-Ungria, 1969

Host: Amphisbaena vermicularis

Localities: Abreu e Lima, Palmares, São Lourenço da Mata – PE

Infection sites: Small intestine and large intestine.

Reference: Oitaven et al. (2021)

Family: Cosmocercidae Travassos, 1925

Cosmocercidae

Hosts: Anolis brasiliensis (1), Gymnodactylus geckoides (2), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (2), Vanzosaura multiscutata (2)

Localities: (1) Crato – CE; (2) Alto Sertão – SE

Infection sites: Cavity, coelom, stomach and large intestine.

References: (1) Amorim & Ávila (2019); (2) Araújo Filho et al. (2020)

Remarks: Host A. brasiliensis reported in Amorim & Ávila (2019) as Norops brasiliensis.

Aplectana Railliet & Henry, 1916

Aplectana albae Adamson & Baccam, 1988

Hosts: Amphisbaena alba, Amphisbaena ridleyi

Locality: Fernando de Noronha – PE

Infection site: Intestine.

References: Ramalho et al. (2009); Ávila & Silva (2010)

Aplectana nordestina De Amorim, Da Silva, Morais, Da Silva, Ávila, 2017

Host: Leposternon polystegum

Localities: São Gonçalo do Amarante, Trairi, Paracuru, Paraipaba – CE

Infection sites: Small intestine and large intestine.

References: Amorim et al. (2017, 2019)

Aplectana pusilla Miranda, 1924

Hosts: Amphisbaena alba, Amphisbaena sp.

Locality: Bahia – BA

Infection site: Intestine.

References: Miranda (1924); Travassos (1931); Vicente et al. (1993)

Aplectana unguiculata Rudolphi, 1919

Hosts: Amphisbaena alba, Amphisbaena sp.

Locality: Bahia – BA

Infection site: Intestine.

References: Miranda (1924); Travassos (1931); Vicente et al. (1993)

Aplectana sp.

Hosts: Amphisbaena vermicularis (1), Diploglossus lessonae (2), Dryadosaura nordestina (3), Enyalius catenatus (4), Erythrolamprus viridis (5), Gymnodactylus darwinii (6), Anolis fuscoauratus (7)

Localities: (1) Palmares, São Lourenço da Mata – PE; (2, 4) Mata de Goiamunduba – PB; (3) Mata de Goiamunduba, RPPN Engenho Gargaú, REBIO Guaribas, Mata do Pau Ferro, Mata Sítio Socorro, Jardim Botânico Benjamim Maranhão – PB; (5) Várzea Alegre, Aiuaba – CE; (6) Jardim Botânico Benjamim Maranhão – PB; (7) RPPN Engenho Gargaú – PB

Infection sites: Lung, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Oitaven et al. (2021); (3) Teixeira et al. (2018a); (5) Quirino et al. (2018); (6) Silva et al. (2018); (7, 2, 5, 4, 6) Teixeira et al. (2020)

Remarks: Host A. fuscoauratus called Norops fuscauratus in Teixeira et al. (2020).

Larvae of Cosmocercidae

Hosts: Philodryas olfersii (1), Iguana iguana (2)

Localities: (1) Ilha Grande – PI; (2) Aiuaba, Barro, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Moreilândia – PE

Infection sites: Stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Castro Araújo et al. (2020); (2) Teles et al. (2016)

Cosmocerca Diesing, 1816

Cosmocerca sp.

Host: Dryadosaura nordestina

Localities: Mata de Goiamunduba, RPPN Engenho Gargaú, REBIO Guaribas, Mata Sítio Socorro, Jardim Botânico Benjamim Maranhão – PB

Infection sites: Small intestine and large intestine.

References: Teixeira et al. (2018a, 2020)

Oxyascaris Travassos, 1920

Oxyascaris sp.

Host: Leptodeira annulata

Locality: Aiuaba, Barro, Farias Brito, Jati, Mauriti – CE

Infection site: Large intestine.

Reference: Carvalho et al. (2018)

Paradollfusnema Baker, 1981

Paradollfusnema amphisbaenia Baker, 1981

Hosts: Leposternon microcephalum (1), Leposternon polystegum (2)

Localities: (1) Recife – PE; (2) Pinheiros – CE

Infection site: Large intestine.

References: (1) Ávila & Silva (2010); (2) Amorim et al. (2014)

Raillietnema Travassos, 1927

Raillietnema spectans Gomes, 1964

Host: Leptodeira annulata

Localities: Aiuaba, Barro, Farias Brito, Jati, Mauriti – CE

Infection site: Large intestine.

Reference: Carvalho et al. (2018)

Family: Heterakidae Railliet & Henry, 1912

Moaciria Freitas, 1956

Moaciria alvarengai Freitas, 1956

Host: Trachylepis atlântica (1, 2)

Locality: (1, 2) Fernando de Noronha – PE

Infection site: Large intestine.

References: (1) Bursey et al. (2010); (2) Ramalho et al. (2009)

Spinicauda Travassos, 1920

Spinicauda spinicauda Olfers, 1819; (= Heterakis turgida, Schneider 1866; = Heterakis campanula, Linstow 1899; = Spinicauda amarali, Pereira, 1935).

Hosts: Trachylepis atlântica (1, 2), Tupinambis teguixin (3), Salvator merianae (1, 2, 4)

Localities: (1, 2) Fernando de Noronha – PE; (3) Fortaleza – CE; (4) Aiuaba, Antonina do Norte, Barro, Farias Brito, Juazeiro do Norte, Várzea Alegre – CE, Serrita, Exu – PE

Infection sites: Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and caecum.

References: (1) Bursey et al. (2010); (2) Ramalho et al. (2009); (3) Vicente et al. (1993); (4) Teixeira et al. (2016)

Strongyluris Müller, 1894

Strongyluris oscari Travassos, 1923

Hosts: Ameivula ocellifera (1, 2), Copeoglossum arajara (3), Dactyloa punctata (4), Gymnodactylus geckoides (2, 5), Lygodactylus klugei (2), Anolis fuscoauratus (4), Tropidurus hispidus (1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13), Tropidurus jaguaribanus (8), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (2, 7, 10, 14), Tropidurus torquatus (15, 16, 17), Strobilurus torquatus (4, 18)

Localities: (1) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (2) Alto Sertão – SE; (3) Chapada do Araripe, Barbalha, Crato – CE; (4) RPPN Engenho Gargaú – PB; (5) ESEC Aiuaba, Várzea Alegre – CE; (6) Chapada do Araripe – CE; (7) Piauí – PI, Ceará – CE; (8) ESEC Aiuaba – CE; (9) Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu – CE; (10) Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina – BA; (11) Cabaceiras – PB, Barra do Cunhaú – RN; (13) REBIO Guaribas – PB; (14) Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (15) Umbuzeiro – PB; (16) Fortaleza – CE; (17) Salvador – BA, Fortaleza – CE; (18) Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana – SE

Infection sites: Lung, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1, 14) Brito et al. (2014a, b); (2) Araújo Filho et al. (2020); (3) Cabral et al. (2018); (4, 13) Teixeira et al. (2020); (5) Brito et al. (2014b); (6) Anjos et al. (2012); (7) Ávila et al. (2012); (8) Alcantara et al. (2018a), (9) Galdino et al. (2014); (10) Maia-Carneiro et al. (2018); (11) Araujo Filho et al. (2017); (15) Pereira (1935); (16) Konh et al. (1973); (17) Vicente (1978), Vicente et al. (1993); (18) Silva et al. (2021)

Remarks: Host C. arajara reported in Cabral et al. (2018) as Mabuya arajara. Host A. fuscoauratus called Norops fuscoauratus in Araújo Filho et al. (2020).

Family: Kathlaniidae Travassos, 1918

Cruzia Travassos, 1917

Cruzia sp.

Hosts: Ameiva ameiva (1), Ameivula ocellifera (2); Ameivula pyrrhogularis (3), Salvator merianae (4)

Localities: (1) ESEC Aiuaba, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (2) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (3) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas, Dom Quintino, Quitaiús – CE; (4) Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre - CE

Infection site: Not specified.

References: (1, 2, 4) Brito et al. (2014b); (3) Silva et al. (2019b)

Cruzia travassosi Khalili & Vogelsang, 1932

Host: Salvator merianae

Localities: Aiuaba, Antonina do Norte, Barro, Farias Brito, Juazeiro do Norte, Várzea Alegre – CE, Serrita, Exu – PE

Infection site: Intestine.

Reference: Teixeira et al. (2016)

Tonaudia Travassos, 1918

Tonaudia freitasi Vicente & Santos, 1968

Host: Chelonia mydas

Locality: Aracati – CE

Infection sites: Stomach and intestine.

References: Vicente et al. (1993); Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009)

Family: Seuratidae Hall, 1910

Skrjabinellazia Sypliaxov, 1930

Skrjabinellazia intermedia Freitas, 1940

Hosts: Ameivula nativo (1); Dactyloa punctata (2), Hemidactylus agrius (3), Hemidactylus brasilianus (3), Anolis fuscoauratus (4), Phyllopezus pollicaris (3), Tropidurus torquatus (5)

Localities: (1) Guaratiba – BA; (2) REBIO Guaribas – PB; (3) ESEC Aiuaba – CE; (4) RPPN Engenho Gargaú – PB; (5) Salvador – BA

Infection sites: Stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Menezes et al. (2004): (2, 4) Teixeira et al.(2020); (3) Lima et al. (2017); (5) Vicente (1978), Vicente et al. (1993)

Remarks: Host A. fuscoauratus called Norops fuscoauratus in Teixeira et al. (2020).

Skrjabinellazia sp.

Hosts: Hemidactylus agrius (1), Anolis brasiliensis (2), Anolis fuscoauratus (3)

Localities: (1) Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu – CE; (2) Crato – CE; (3) Serra de Maranguape, Serra de Baturité, Parque Nacional Ubajara – CE

Infection site: Small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Anjos et al. (2011); (2) Amorim & Ávila (2019); (3) Mesquita et al. (2020)

Remarks: Hosts A. brasiliensis and A. fuscoauratus called Norops brasiliensis and N. fuscoauratus in Amorim & Ávila (2019) and Mesquita et al. (2020), respectively.

Family: Subuluridae Travassos, 1914

Subulura Molin, 1860

Subulura lacertilia Vicente, Van Sluys, Fontes & Kiefer, 2000

Host: Ameivula nativo

Locality: Guaratiba – BA

Site of infection: Small intestine.

Reference: Menezes et al. (2004)

Subulura sp.

Host: Iguana iguana

Localities: Aiuaba, Barro, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Moreilândia – PE

Infection site: Small intestine and large intestine.

Reference: Teles et al. (2016)

Order: Spirurida Chitwood, 1933

Family: Camallanidae Railliet & Henry, 1915

Serpinema Yeh, 1960

Serpinema monospiculatus Freitas & Dobbin Junior, 1962

Hosts: Mesoclemmys tuberculata (1, 2), Phrynops geoffroanus (3, 4)

Localities: (1) Jaboatão – PE; (2) Carius – CE; (3) Cortês – PE; (4) Capibaribe – PE

Infection sites: Lung, body cavity, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1, 3) Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Pereira et al. (2018); (4) Fonseca et al. (2021)

Serpinema magathi Sprehn, 1932

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides (1, 2)

Localities: (1) Barra do Cordeiro, Açude São João da Várzea, Recife, São Lourenço da Mata – PE; (2) São Bento – MA

Infection sites: Stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Viana et al. (2016)

Family: Diplotriaenidae Anderson, 1958

Hastospiculum Skrjabin, 1923

Hastospiculum onchocercum Chitwood, 1932

Host: Lachesis muta

Locality: RPPN Pedra Dantas – PE

Infection site: Coelomic cavity.

Reference: Araujo-Filho et al. (2013)

Hastospiculum nordestinum Ferreira-Silva, Alcantara, Ávila & Silva, 2020

Host: Xenodon merremii

Locality: Barbalha – CE

Infection site: Body cavity.

Reference: Ferreira et al. (2020b)

Family: Gnathostomatidae Railliet, 1895

Spiroxys Schneider, 1866

Spiroxys figueiredoi Freitas & Dobbin Junior, 1962

Hosts: Kinosternon scorpioides (1, 2), Mesoclemmys tuberculata (3), Phrynops geoffroanus (3, 4),

Localities: (1) Açude São João da Várzea, Recife – PE; (2) São Bento – MA; (3) Carius – CE; (4) Capibaribe – PE

Infection sites: Stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Viana et al. (2016); (3) Pereira et al. (2018); (4) Fonseca et al. (2021)

Family: Onchocercidae Leiper, 1911

Onchocercidae undetermined

Host: Anolis brasiliensis

Locality: Crato – CE

Infection site: Stomach.

Reference: Amorim & Ávila (2019)

Remarks: Called Norops brasiliensis in this paper.

Oswaldofilaria Travassos, 1933

Oswaldofilaria brevicaudata Rhodain & Vuylsteke, 1937

Host: Iguana iguana

Locality: Exu – PE

Infection sites: Dorsal region of the peritoneum and hind legs, and general cavity.

References: Bain (1974); Vicente et al. (1993)

Oswaldofilaria petersi Bain & Sulahian, 1974

Hosts: Salvator merianae (1), Tropidurus hispidus (2)

Localities: (1) Aiuaba, Antonina do Norte, Barro, Farias Brito, Juazeiro do Norte, Várzea Alegre – CE, Serrita; (2) Ibiraba – BA

Infection sites: Right ileo-fibular muscle and intestine.

References: (1) Teixeira et al. (2016); (2) Silva & Kohlsdorf (2003)

Oswaldofilaria sp.

Hosts: Ameivula pyrhogularis (1), Tropidurus hispidus (2, 3)

Localities: (1) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas, Dom Quintino, Quitaiús – CE; (2) Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu – CE; (3) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN

Infection site: Body cavity.

References: (1) Silva et al. (2019b); (2) Galdino et al. (2014); (3) Brito et al. (2014a, b)

Piratuba Freitas & Lent, 1947

Piratuba digiticauda Lent & Freitas, 1941

Hosts: Tropidurus hispidus (1), Tropidurus torquatus (2)

Localities: (1) Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina – BA; (2) Salvador – BA

Infection sites: Coelom, large intestine and abdominal cavity.

References: (1) Maia-Carneiro et al. (2018); (2) Vicente et al. (1993)

Piratuba sp.

Hosts: Acratosaura mentalis (1), Ameivula ocellifera (1), Gymnodactylus geckoides (1, 2), Iguana iguana (3), Kentropyx calcarata (4), Lygodactylus klugei (1), Tropidurus hispidus (5), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (1)

Localities: (1) Alto Sertão – SE; (2) ESEC Aiuaba – CE; (3) Aiuaba, Barro, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Moreilândia – PE; (4) Mata Sítio Socorro – PB; (5) Cabaceiras, João Pessoa – PB, Barra do Cunhaú – RN

Infection sites: Body cavity, small intestine, large intestine and ovary.

References: (1) Araújo Filho et al. (2020); (2) Lima et al. (2017); (3) Teles et al. (2016); (4) Teixeira et al. (2020); (5) Araujo Filho et al. (2017)

Family: Physalopteridae Railliet, 1893

Larva of Physalopteridae

Hosts: Ameivula ocellifera (1), Hemidactylus agrius (2), Lygodactylus klugei (2)

Localities: (1) Ceará – CE; (2) Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu – CE

Infection site: Stomach.

References: (1) Ávila et al. (2012); (2) Anjos et al. (2011)

Remarks: Host Ameivulla ocellifera reported in Ávila et al. (2012) as Cnemidophorus ocellifer.

Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819

Larva of Physaloptera sp.

Hosts: Gymnodactylus darwinii (1), Gymnodactylus geckoides (2), Anolis fuscoauratus (3), Tropidurus hispidus (4), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (4)

Localities: (1) Mata do Camucim, Mata do Tapacurá, São Lourenço da Mata – PE; (2) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas – CE; (3) Serra de Maranguape, Serra de Baturité, Parque Nacional Ubajara – CE; (4) Ceará – CE, Piauí – PE

Infection sites: Stomach and large intestine.

References: (1) Oitaven et al. (2019); (2) Alcantara et al. (2019); (3) Mesquita et al. (2020); (4) Ávila et al. (2012)

Remarks: Host A. fuscoauratus called Norops fuscoauratus in Mesquita et al. (2020).

Physaloptera liophis Vicente & Santos, 1974

Hosts: Erythrolamprus viridis

Localities: Várzea Alegre, Aiuaba – CE

Infection site: Stomach.

Reference: Quirino et al. (2018)

Physaloptera lutzi Cristofaro, Guimarães & Rodrigues, 1976

Hosts: Ameiva ameiva (1, 2, 3, 4), Ameivula ocellifera (4, 5), Coleodactylus meridionalis (10), Dactyloa punctata (11), Dryadosaura nordestina (14), Eurolophosaurus amathites (16), Eurolophosaurus divaricatus (16), Hemidactylus agrius (12, 13), Hemidactylus brasilianus (13), Glaucomastix abaetensis (6), Gymnodactylus geckoides (4, 13, 15), Kentropyx calcarata (7), Lygodactylus klugei (4, 13), Micrablepharus maximiliani (8), Anolis ortonii (10), Phyllopezus pollicaris (13), Salvator merianae (8, 9), Strobilurus torquatus (17), Tropidurus hispidus (4, 5, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22), Tropidurus hygomi (23), Tropidurus jaguaribanus (24), Tropidurus psammonastes (16), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (4, 25), Tropidurus torquatus (26), Vanzosaura multiscutata (4)

Localities: (1) Salvador – BA; (2, 26) Salvador, Serrinha, Canudos – BA; (3) ESEC Aiuaba, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (4) Alto Sertão – SE; (5) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (6) Dunas do Abaeté – BA; (7) RPPN Engenho Gargaú, Santa Rita, Jardim Botânico Benjamim Maranhão – PB; (8) Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE; (9) Aiuaba, Antonina do Norte, Barro, Farias Brito, Juazeiro do Norte, Várzea Alegre – CE, Serrita, Exu – PE; (10) Mata de Goiamunduba – PB; (11) RPPN Engenho Gargaú – PB; (12) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE; (13, 24) ESEC Aiuaba; (14) Mata de Goiamunduba, RPPN Engenho Gargaú, Jardim Botânico Benjamim Maranhão – PB; (15) ESEC Aiuaba, Várzea Alegre – CE; (16) Xique-xique – BA; (17) RPPN Engenho Gargaú, Jardim Botânico Benjamim Maranhão – PB; (18) Chapada do Araripe – CE; (19) Ceará – CE, Piauí – PI; (20) Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu – CE; (21) Cabaceiras – PB, Barra do Cunhaú – RN; (22) Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina – BA; (23) Salvador – BA; Aracajú – SE; (25) Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (26) Vicente (1978), Vicente et al. (1993); Ávila & Silva (2010)

Infection sites: Lung, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gonads, coelomic cavity and cavity.

References: (1) Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Ávila & Silva (2010); (3, 8, 12, 15) Brito et al. (2014b), (4) Araújo Filho et al. (2020); (5) Brito et al. (2014a, b); (6) Dias et al. (2005); (7) Teixeira et al. (2018b); (9) Teixeira et al. (2016); (10) Teixeira et al. (2020, 2021); (11, 17) Teixeira et al. (2020); (13) Lima et al. (2017); (14) Teixeira et al. (2018a, 2020); (16, 23) Lambertz et al. (2012); (18) Anjos et al. (2012); (19) Ávila et al. (2012); (20) Galdino et al. (2014); (21) Araujo Filho et al. (2017); (22) Maia-Carneiro et al. (2018); (24) Oliveira et al. (2020)

Remarks: Host A. ortonii called Norops ortonii in Teixeira et al. (2020, 2021). Host G. abaetensis reported in Dias et al. (2005) as C. abaetensis.

Physaloptera nordestina Matias, Morais & Ávila, 2020

Hosts: Oxybelis aeneus, Pseudoboa nigra, Xenodon merremii

Localities: Crato, Farias Brito, Icó, Nova Olinda – CE, Ouricuri – PE, Ceará-Mirim – RN

Infection site: Stomach.

Reference: Matias et al. (2020)

Physaloptera retusa Rudolphi, 1819

Hosts: Ameivula nativo (1), Ameivula ocellifera (2), Copeoglossum nigropunctatum (3), Enyalius bibronii (5),

Glaucomastix abaetensis (4), Hemidactylus mabouia (6, 7), Kentropyx calcarata (8), Mesoclemmys tuberculata (9), Anolis brasiliensis (10), Phyllopezus pollicaris (6), Phrynops geoffroanus (11), Polychrus acutirostris (12), Salvator merianae (2), Tropidurus hispidus (2, 13, 14, 15, 16), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (2), Tropidurus torquatus (17), Strobilurus torquatus (18)

Localities: (1) Guaratiba – BA; (2) Alto Sertão – SE; (4) Dunas do Abaeté – BA; (3, 8) Mata Sítio Socorro – PB; (5) Mata do Pau Ferro – PB; (6) Crato – CE; (7) Paulino Neves – MA, Acaraú, Taíba São Gonçalo, Fortaleza, Icapuí – CE; (9, 11) Cariús – CE; (10) Grangeiro – CE; (12) Várzea Alegre – CE, Exu – PE; (13) Chapada do Araripe – CE; (14) Ceará – CE, Piauí – PI; (15) Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina – BA; (16) REBIO Guaribas, Mata do Pau Ferro – PB; (17) Salvador – BA; (18) Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana – SE

Infection sites: Cavity, lung, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Menezes et al. (2004); (2) Araújo Filho et al. (2020); (3, 8, 5, 16) Teixeira et al., 2020); (4) Dias et al. (2005); (6) Sousa et al. (2014); (7) Bezerra et al. (2020); (9, 11) Pereira et al. (2018); (10) Amorim & Ávila (2019); (12) Araujo Filho et al. (2014); (13) Anjos et al. (2012); (14) Ávila et al. (2012); (15) Maia-Carneiro et al. (2018); (17) Vicente (1978), Vicente et al. (1993); (18) Silva et al. (2021)

Remarks: Host A. brasiliensis called Norops brasiliensis in Amorim & Ávila (2019). Host G. abaetensis reported in Dias et al. (2005) as C. abaetensis.

Physaloptera sp.

Hosts: Ameivula ocellifera (1), Ameivula nigrigula (2), Ameivula pyrrhogularis (3), Amphisbaena vermicularis (4), Bothrops erythromelas (5), Brasiliscincus agilis (6), Colobosauroides cearensis (7), Copeoglossum arajara (8), Glaucomastix abaetensis (1), Iguana iguana (9), Leptodeira annulata (10), Micrurus ibiboboca (11), Nothobachia ablephara (12), Oxyrhopus trigeminus (13),Philodryas nattereri (14), Philodryas olfersii (15), Pseudoboa nigra (16), Tropidurus jaguaribanus (17), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (18)

Localities: (1) Dunas do Abaeté – BA; (2) Serra de Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE; (3) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas, Dom Quintino, Quitaiús – CE; (4, 5) Colonia – PE; (6) Abrolhos – BA; (7) Mauriti – CE; (8) Chapada do Araripe, Barbalha, Crato – CE; (9) Aiuaba, Barro, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Morielândia – PE; (10) Aiuaba, Barro, Farias Brito, Jati, Mauriti – CE; (11, 14) Farias Brito – CE; (12) Petrolina – PE; (13) Exu – PE; (15) Ilha Grande – PI; (16) Ceará – CE, Pernambuco – PE, Rio Grande do Norte – RN; (17) ESEC Aiuaba – CE; (18) Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina – BA

Infection sites: Coelomic cavity, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Dias et al. (2005); (2) Xavier et al. (2019); (3) Silva et al. (2019b); (4) Silva et al. (2017); (5) Oliveira et al. (2018b); (6) Rocha & Vrcibradic (2003); (7) Silva Neta & Ávila (2018); (8) Cabral et al. (2018); (9) Teles et al. (2016); (10) Carvalho et al. (2018); (11) Oliveira et al. (2018a); (12) Ribeiro et al. (2018); (13) Oliveira et al. (2019a); (14) Oliveira et al. (2019b); (15) Castro Araújo et al. (2020); (16) Matias et al. (2018); (17) Alcantara et al. (2018a); (18) Maia-Carneiro et al. (2018)

Remarks: Host C. arajara reported in Cabral et al. (2018) as M. arajara. Hosts A. ocellifera and G. abaetensis are reported in Dias et al. (2005) as C. ocellifer and C. abaetensis, respectively.

Physaloptera tupinambae Pereira, Alves Rocha, Lima & Luque, 2012

Host: Salvator merianae

Localities: Jardim, Aracajú, Areia Branca, Capela, Poço Redondo, São Cristóvão – SE

Infection site: Stomach.

Reference: Melo et al. (2019)

Physalopteroides Wu & Liu, 1940

Physalopteroides venancioi Lent, Freitas & Proença, 1946

Hosts: Ameivula nativo (1), Ameivula pyrrhogularis (2), Copeoglossum arajara (3), Hemidactylus mabouia (4), Philodryas olfersii (5), Pseudoboa nigra (6), Psychosaura macrorhyncha (7), Tropidurus hispidus (8, 9, 10)

Localities: (1) Guaratiba – BA; (2) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas, Dom Quintino, Quitaiús – CE; (3) Chapada do Araripe, Barbalha, Crato – CE; (4) Crato – CE; (5) Ilha Grande – PI; (6) Ceará – CE; (7) Trancoso – BA; (8) Chapada do Araripe – CE; (9) Ceará – CE, Piauí – PI; (10) Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina

Infection sites: Stomach and small intestine.

References: (1) Menezes et al. (2004); (2) Silva et al. (2019b); (3) Cabral et al. (2018); (4) Sousa et al. (2014) & Ávila et al. (2012); (5) Castro Araújo et al. (2020); (6) Matias et al. (2018); (7) Ávila et al. (2012); (7) Vrcibradic et al. (2001), (7) Rocha & Vrcibradic (2003); (8) Anjos et al. (2012); (9) Ávila et al. (2012); (10) Maia-Carneiro et al. (2018)

Remarks: Host C. arajara reported in Cabral et al. (2018) as M. arajara. Host P. macrorhyncha reported in Vrcibradic et al. (2001) and Rocha & Vrcibradic (2003) as M. macrorhyncha.

Family: Rhabdochonidae Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928

Trichospirura Smith & Chitwood, 1967

Trichospirura sp.

Hosts: Gymnodactylus geckoides (1), Hemidactylus agrius (1), Hemidactylus brasilianus (1), Phyllopezus pollicaris (1, 2), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (2)

Localities: (1) ESEC Aiuaba – CE; (2) Alto Sertão – SE

Infection site: Gallbladder.

References: (1) Lima et al. (2017); (2) Araújo Filho et al. (2020)

Order: Strongylida Chitwood, 1937

Family: Diaphanocephalidae Travassos, 1920

Diaphanocephalus Diesing, 1851

Diaphanocephalus galeatus Rudolphi, 1819

Host: Salvator merianae (1, 2, 3)

Localities: (1) Fernando de Noronha – PE; (2) Aiuaba, Antonina do Norte, Barro, Farias Brito, Juazeiro do Norte, Várzea Alegre – CE, Serrita, Exu – PE; (3) Jardim, Aracaju, Areia Branca, Capela, Poço Redondo, São Cristóvão – SE

Infection sites: Stomach, small intestine, large intestine and caecum.

References: (1) Ramalho et al. (2009); (2) Teixeira et al. (2016); (3) Melo et al. (2019)

Kalicephalus Molin, 1861

Kalicephalus costatus Rudolphi, 1819

Host: Philodryas olfersii

Locality: Ilha Grande – PI

Infection site: Small intestine.

Reference: Castro Araújo et al. (2020)

Family: Molineidae Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1981

Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917

Oswaldocruzia bainae Bem Slimane & Durette-Desset, 1996

Host: Anolis brasiliensis

Locality: Crato – CE

Infection site: Small intestine.

Reference: Amorim & Ávila (2019)

Remarks: Called Norops brasiliensis in this paper.

Oswaldocruzia brasiliensis Lent & Freitas, 1935

Host: Anotosaura vanzolinia

Localities: São José da Mata, Parque Florestal Complexo Aluízio Campos - PB

Infection sites: Lung and gastrointestinal tract.

Reference: Oliveira et al. (2017)

Oswaldocruzia sp.

Hosts: Brasiliscincus heathi (1), Colobosauroides cearensis (2), Leptodeira annulata (3), Tropidurus hispidus (4)

Localities: (1) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE; (2) Mauriti – CE; (3) Aiuaba, Barro, Farias Brito, Jati, Mauriti – CE; (4) Fazenda Experimental do Vale do Curu – CE

Infection site: Small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Brito et al. (2014b); (2) Silva Neta & Ávila (2018); (3) Carvalho et al. (2018); (4) Galdino et al. (2014)

Oswaldocruzia subauricularis Rudolphi, 1819

Host: Tropidurus hispidus

Localities: Cabaceiras – PB, Barra do Cunhaú – RN

Infection site: Stomach.

Reference: Araujo Filho et al. (2017)

Order: Oxyurida Railliet, 1916

Family: Pharyngodonidae Travassos, 1919

Alaeuris Thapar, 1925

Alaeuris caudatus Lent & Freitas, 1948

Host: Iguana iguana (1, 2)

Localities: (1) Exu – PE; (2) Aiuaba, Barro, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Moreilândia – PE

Infection site: Small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Teles et al. (2016)

Alaeuris sp.

Host: Iguana iguana (1, 2)

Localities: (1) Santa Quitéria – CE, João Camara – RN; (2) Aiuaba, Barro, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Moreilândia – PE

Infection site: Small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Brito et al. (2014b); Teles et al. (2016)

Alaeuris vogelsangi Lent & Freitas, 1948

Host: Iguana iguana (1, 2, 3, 4)

Localities: (1) Exu – PE; (2) Maranhão – MA, Alagoas – AL; (3) Aiuaba, Barro, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Moreilândia – PE; (4) Crato, Barbalha, Juazeiro do Norte, Nova Olinda, Iguatu – CE

Infection sites: Oesophagus, small intestine, caecum, colon and rectum.

References: (1) Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Breves et al. (2011); (3) Teles et al. (2016); (4) Lopes et al. (2007)

Ozolaimus Dujardin, 1945

Ozolaimus cirratus Linstow, 1906

Host: Iguana iguana (1, 2, 3, 4)

Localities: (1) Santa Luzia – PB; (2) Alagoas – AL, Maranhão – MA; (3) Santa Quitéria – CE, João Camara – RN; (4) Aiuaba, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Moreilândia – PE; (5) Teresina – PI

Infection sites: Small intestine, large intestine, caecum and colon.

References: (1) Pereira (1935), Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Breves et al. (2011); (3) Brito et al. (2014b); (4) Teles et al. (2016); (5) Otávio et al. (2018)

Ozolaimus megatyphlon Rudolphi, 1819

Host: Iguana iguana (1, 2, 3, 4)

Localities; (1) Santa Luzia – PB; (2) Maranhão – MA, Alagoas – AL; (3) Aiuaba, Barro, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Moreilândia – PE; (4) Teresina – PI

Infection sites: Small intestine, large intestine, caecum, colon and rectum.

References: (1) Pereira (1935), Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Breves et al. (2011); (3) Teles et al. (2016); (4) Otávio et al. (2018)

Ozolaimus sp.

Host: Iguana iguana

Localities: Aiuaba, Barro, Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri – CE, Exu, Moreilândia – PE

Infection site: Small intestine and large intestine.

Reference: Teles et al. (2016)

Family: Oxyuridae Cobbold, 1864

Gynaecometra Araujo, 1977

Gynaecometra bahiensis Araujo, 1978

Host: Polychrus acutirostris (1, 2)

Localities: (1) Xique-xique – BA; (2) Várzea Alegre – CE, Exu – PE

Infection site: Large intestine.

References: (1) Araújo (1976), Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Araujo Filho et al. (2014)

Family: Pharyngodonidae Travassos, 1919

Parapharyngodon Chatterji, 1933

Parapharyngodon alvarengai Freitas, 1957

Hosts: Ameiva ameiva (1, 2), Ameivula ocellifera (2, 3), Amphisbaena ridleyi (19), Acratosaura mentalis (2), Brasiliscincus heathi (2, 3), Copeoglossum arajara (4), Gymnodactylus geckoides (2, 5, 6, 7), Hemidactylus agrius (3, 6, 16), Hemidactylus brasilianus (6), Hemidactylus mabouia (17), Lygodactylus klugei (2), Nothobachia ablephara Phyllopezus periosus (8), Phyllopezus pollicaris (2, 5, 6), Trachylepis atlântica (20), Tropidurus hispidus (2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13), Tropidurus jaguaribanus (14), Tropidurus semiateniatus (2, 11, 15), Vanzosaura multiscutata (2)

Localities: (1) ESEC Aiuaba, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (2) Alto Sertão – SE; (3) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE; (5) ESEC Aiuaba, Várzea Alegre – CE; (6, 14) ESEC Aiuaba; (7) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas – CE; (8) João Câmara – RN; (9) Fazenda Experimental do Vale do Curu – CE; (10) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Camara – RN; (11) Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina – BA; (12) Cabaceiras – PB, Barra do Cunhaú – RN; (13) Jardim Botânico Benjamim Maranhão, Mata do Pau Ferro, Mata Sítio Socorro – PB; (15) Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (16) Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu – CE; (17) Paulino Neves – MA, Parnaíba – PI, Acaraú, Taiba São Gonçalo, Fortaleza, Aracati, Icapuí – CE; (18) Petrolina – PE; (19, 20) Fernando de Noronha – PE

Infection sites: Stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1, 5, 8) Brito et al. (2014b); (2) Araújo Filho et al. (2020); (3, 10, 15) Brito et al. (2014a, b); (4) Cabral et al. (2018); (6) Lima et al. (2017); (7) Alcantara et al. (2019); (9) Galdino et al. (2014); (11) Maia-Carneiro et al. (2018); (12) Araujo Filho et al. (2017); (13) Teixeira et al. (2020); (14) Alcantara et al. (2018a); (16) Anjos et al. (2011); (17) Bezerra et al. (2020); (18) Ribeiro et al. (2018); (19) Ramalho et al. (2009); (20) Freitas (1957)

Remarks: Host C. arajara reported in Cabral et al. (2018) as M. arajara (M. arajara=C. arajara). Host T. atlântica reported in Freitas (1957) as M. maculata.

Parapharyngodon hispidus Ferreira, Vieira, Da Silva, Ribeiro, Ferreira & Muniz-Pereira, 2021

Host: Tropidurus hispidus

Locality: Petrolina – PE

Infection site: Large intestine.

Reference: Ferreira et al. (2021)

Parapharyngodon largitor Alho & Rodrigues, 1963

Host: Colobosauroides cearensis

Locality: Mauriti – CE

Infection sites: Stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

Reference: Silva Neta & Ávila (2018)

Parapharyngodon sceleratus Travassos, 1923

Hosts: Brasiliscincus agilis (1), Hemidactylus mabouia (2), Anolis brasiliensis (3), Phyllopezus pollicaris (2), Psychosaura macrorhyncha (1, 4), Tropidurus hispidus (5, 6), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (7, 8), Tropidurus torquatus (7, 9, 10)

Localities: (1) Abrolhos – BA; (2) Crato – CE; (3) Crato – CE; (4) Trancoso – BA; (5) Crato, Barbalha, Juazeiro do Norte, Nova Olinda, Iguatu – CE; (6) Chapada do Araripe – CE; (7) Mogeiro, Areia, Lagoa do Remigio, Umbuzeiro, João Pessoa – PB, Cruzeta, Curraes Novos, Ceará-Mirim – RN, Garanhús – PE; (8) Ceará – CE, Piauí – PI; (9) Areia – PB, Cruzeta – RN; (10) Salvador, Canudos – BA, Mogeiro, Lagoa do Remigio, Umbuzeiro, João Pessoa – PB, Currais Novos, Ceará Mirim – RN, Garanhus – PE

Infection sites: Intestine, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Rocha & Vcribradic (2003); (2) Sousa et al. (2014); (3) Amorim & Ávila (2019); (4) Vcribradic (2001); (5) Lopes et al. (2007); (6) Anjos et al. (2012); (7) Pereira et al. (1935); (8) Ávila et al. (2012); (9) Vicente et al. (1978); (10) Vicente et al. (1993)

Remarks: Host A. brasiliensis called Norops brasiliensis in Amorim & Ávila (2019). Host P. macrorhyncha reported in Vcribradic (2001) and Rocha & Vcribradic (2003) as M. macorhyncha.

Parapharyngodon sp.

Hosts: Ameiva ameiva (1), Ameivula nativo (2); Ameivula ocellifera (3), Ameivula pyrrhogularis (4), Hemidactylus mabouia (3), Procellosaurinus erythrocercus (5), Tropidurus hispidus (3, 6, 7), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (6), Tropidurus torquatus (1)

Localities: (1) Ondina – BA; (2) Guaratiba – BA; (3) Ceará – CE; (4) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas, Dom Quintino, Quitaiús – CE; (5) Petrolina – PE; (6) Piauí – PI; (7) Cabaceiras, João Pessoa – PB, Barra do Cunhaú – RN

Infection sites: Lung, small intestine, large intestine and caecum.

References: (1) Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Menezes et al. (2004); (3, 6) Ávila et al. (2012); (4) Silva et al. 2019b); (5) Ferreira et al. (2020a); (7)

Remarks: Host Ameivulla ocellifera reported in Ávila et al. (2012) as Cnemidophorus ocellifer.

Parapharyngodon verrucosus Freitas & Dobbin, 1959

Hosts: Diploglossus lessonae (1, 2), Tropidurus hispidus (3)

Localities: (1) João Alfredo – PE; (2) Crato, Barbalha, Juazeiro do Norte, Nova Olinda, Iguatu – CE; (3) Cabaceiras – PB, Barra do Cunhaú – RN

Infection sites: Intestine, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Lopes et al. (2007); (3) Araujo Filho et al. (2017)

Pharyngodon Diesing, 1961

Pharyngodon cesarpintoi Pereira, 1935

Hosts: Ameiva ameiva (1, 3), Ameivula nigrigula (2), Ameivula ocellifera (3), Ameivula pyrhogularis (4), Ameivula sp. (5), Lygodactylus klugei (3), Phyllopezus pollicaris (3), Salvator merianae (3); Tropidurus hispidus (3), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (3), Vanzosaura multiscutata (3),

Localities: (1, 5) Juazeiro – PB; (2) Serra do Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE; (3) Alto Sertão – SE; (4) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas, Dom Quintino, Quitaiús – CE

Infection sites: Stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Vicente et al. (1993); (2) Xavier et al. (2019); (3) Araújo Filho et al. (2020); (4) Silva et al. (2019); (5) Pereira (1935)

Remarks: The host Ameivula sp. is identified in the original description (Pereira, 1935) as C. lemniscatus. However, C. leminiscatus does not occur in the Caatinga biome.

Pharyngodon sp.

Hosts: Ameiva ameiva (1), Ameivula ocellifera (2), Kentropyx calcarata (3), Tropidurus hispidus (2, 4), Tropidurus torquatus (5)

Localities: (1) Mata do Pau Ferro – PB; (2) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (3) – Mata Sítio Socorro – PB; (4) Crato, Barbalha, Juazeiro do Norte, Nova Olinda, Iguatu – CE; (5) Salvador – BA

Infection sites: Stomach and large intestine.

References: (1, 3) Teixeira et al. (2020); (2) Brito et al. (2014a, b); (4) Lopes et al. (2007); (5) Vicente et al. (1993)

Pharyngodon travassosi Pereira, 1935

Hosts: Ameiva sp. (1), Anolis fuscoauratus (2)

Localities: (1) Areia – PB; (2) Serra de Maranguape, Serra de Baturité, Parque Nacional Ubajara – CE

Infection site: Small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Pereira (1935); (2) Mesquita et al. (2020)

Remarks: Host A. fuscoauratus called Norops fuscoauratus in Mesquita et al. (2020).

Skrjabinodon Inglis, 1968

Skrjabinodon sp.

Host: Hemidacytlus mabouia

Locality: Fortaleza – CE

Infection site: Large intestine.

Reference: Bezerra et al. (2020)

Spauligodon Skrjabin, Schikhobalova & Lagodovska, 1960

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis Chitwood, 1938

Hosts: Acratosaura mentalis (2), Ameivula ocellifera (1, 2), Gymnodactylus geckoides (2, 3), Hemidactylus agrius (3), Hemidactylus brasilianus (3), Hemidacytlus mabouia (4); Lygodactylus klugei (2, 3), Phyllopezus lutzae (6), Phyllopezus periosus (7), Phyllopezus pollicaris (2, 3, 4, 8, 9), Tropidurus hispidus (5, 2), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (2), Vanzosaura multiscutata (2)

Localities: (1) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (2) Alto Sertão – SE; (3) ESEC Aiuaba – CE; (4) Crato – CE; (5) Fazenda Experimental do Vale do Curu – CE; (6) Mata da Serra da Saudinha – AL; (7) João Câmara – RN; (8) Ceará – CE, Piauí – PI; (9) ESEC Aiuaba, Várzea Alegre – CE;

Infection site: Small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Brito et al. (2014a, b); (2) Araújo Filho et al. (2020); (3) Lima et al. (2017); (4) Sousa et al. (2014); (5) Galdino et al. (2014); (6) Ávila et al. (2010a, b); (7) Brito et al. 2014b); (8) Ávila et al. (2012); (9) Brito et al. (2014b);

Spauligodon loboi Ramalho, Bursey & Goldberg, 2002

Host: Strobilurus torquatus

Locality: RPPN Engenho Gargaú – PB

Infection site: Small intestine and large intestine.

Reference: Teixeira et al. (2020)

Spauligodon sp.

Hosts: Colobosauroides cearensis (1), Micrablepharus maximiliani (2), Tropidurus jaguaribanus (3)

Localities: (1) Mauriti – CE; (2) Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE; (3) ESEC Aiuaba – CE

Infection site: Small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Silva Neta & Ávila (2018); (2) Brito et al. (2014b); (3) Alcantara et al. (2018a)

Order: Rhabditida Chitwood, 1933

Family: Rhabdiasidae Railliet, 1916

Rhabdias Stiles & Hassall, 1905

Rhabdias sp.

Hosts: Anolis brasiliensis (1), Anolis fuscoauratus (2), Enyalius catenatus (3), Anolis ortonii (3), Tropidurus hispidus (4, 5, 6, 7)

Localities: (1) Crato – CE; (2) Serra de Maranguape, Serra de Baturité, Parque Nacional Ubajara – CE; (3) Mata de Goiamunduba – PB; (4) Chapada do Araripe – CE; (5) Ceará – CE, Piauí – PI; (6) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (7) Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina – BA

Infection sites: Lung and small intestine.

References: (1) Amorim & Ávila (2019); (2) Mesquita et al. (2020); (3) Teixeira et al. (2020); (4) Almeida et al. (2009c); (5) Ávila et al. (2012); (6) Brito et al. (2014a, b); (7)

Remarks: Hosts A. brasiliensis, A. fuscoauratus and A. ortonii reported in Amorim & Ávila (2019), Mesquita et al. (2020) and Teixeira et al. (2020) as Norops brasiliensis, N. fuscoauratus and N. ortonii, respectively.

Family: Strongyloididae Chitwood & Mclntosh, 1934

Strongyloides Grassi, 1879

Strongyloides ophidiae Pereira, 1929

Host: Philodryas olfersii (1)

Locality: (1) Ilha Grande – PI

Infection sites: Stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

Reference: (1) Castro Araújo et al. (2020)

Strongyloides sp.

Host: Anolis fuscoauratus

Localities: Serra de Maranguape, Serra de Baturité, Parque Nacional Ubajara – CE

Infection site: Large intestine.

Reference: Mesquita et al. (2020)

Remarks: Called Norops fuscoauratus in this paper.

PENTASTOMIDA

Phylum: Pentastomida Huxley, 1869

Class: Eupentastomida Waloszek, Repetski & Mass, 2006

Order: Cephalobaenida Heymons, 1935

Family: Cephalobaenidae Heymons, 1922

Cephalobaena Heymons, 1922

Cephalobaena tetrapoda Heymons, 1922

Hosts: Bothrops erythromelas (1), Lygophis lineatus (2), Oxybelis aeneus (3), Philodryas nattereri (3, 4)

Localities: (1) Sítio Pedra Preta – CE; (2) Floresta Nacional do Araripe, Batateiras – CE; (3) ESEC Seridó – RN; (4) Crato – CE;

Infection sites: Lung and respiratory tract.

References: (1) Oliveira et al. (2015); (2) Almeida et al. (2006a); (3) Almeida et al. (2008a); (4) Almeida et al. (2007)

Order: Porocephalida Heymons, 1935

Family: Porocephalidae Sambom, 1922

Porocephalus Humboldt, 1812

Porocephalus sp.

Host: Boa constrictor

Locality: Recife – PE

Infection site: Lung.

Reference: Almeida et al. (2008b)

Porocephalus stilesi Sambom, 1910

Host: Lachesis muta

Locality: Recife – PE

Infection site: Lung.

Reference: Almeida et al. (2008b)

Order: Raillietiellida Almeida & Christoffersen, 1999

Family: Raillietiellidae Sambom, 1922

Raillietiella Sambom, 1910

Raillietiella frenata

Host: Hemidactylus mabouia (1, 2, 3)

Localities: (1) Barbalha – CE; (2) João Pessoa – PB; (3) Paulino Neves – MA, Acaraú, Fortaleza – CE

Infection site: Lung.

References: (1) Anjos et al. (2008); (2) Almeida et al. (2008c); (3) Bezerra et al. (2020)

Raillietiella freitasi Motta & Gomes, 1968

Hosts: Trachylepis atlântica (1), Tropidurus torquatus (2),

Localities: (1) Fernando de Noronha – PE; (2) Salvador – BA

Infection site: Lung.

References: (1) Rêgo (1983), (1) Brito et al. (2012); (2) Vicente et al. (1978)

Raillietiella furcocerca Diesing, 1863

Hosts: Leptodeira annulata (1), Philodryas olfersii (2), Philodryas nattereri (3, 4)

Localities: (1) Aiuaba, Barro, Farias Brito, Jati, Mauriti – CE; (2) Ilha Grande – PI; (3) Crato – CE; (4) ESEC Seridó - RN

Infection sites: Lung and respiratory tract.

References: (1) Carvalho et al. 2018); (2) Castro Araújo et al. (2020); (3) Almeida et al. 2007); (4) Almeida et al. (2008a)

Raillietiella gigliolii Hett, 1924

Hosts: Amphisbaena alba (1, 2), Amphisbaena vermicularis (3)

Localities: (1) Floresta Nacional do Araripe – CE; (2) Cruz do Espirito Santo – PB; (3) Chapada do Araripe – CE

Infection site: Respiratory tract.

References: (1) Almeida et al. (2006b); (2, 3) Almeida et al. (2009b)

Raillietiella mottae Almeida, Freire & Lopes, 2008

Hosts: Ameiva ameiva (8), Copeoglossum arajara (7), Gymnodactylus geckoides (1), Hemidactylus agrius (1), Hemidactylus brasilianus (1), Hemidactylus mabouia (2), Micrablepharus maximiliani (3), Phyllopezus pollicaris (1, 4, 5); Phyllopezus periosus (5, 6), Tropidurus hispidus (9), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (10)

Localities: (1) Aiuaba – CE; (2) Barbalha – CE; (3) Mataraca – PB; (4) Paulistana – PI; (5) ESEC Aiuaba, Várzea Alegre – CE (5) Cachoeira de Missão Velha – CE; (6) João Câmara – RN; (7) Chapada do Araripe, Barbalha, Crato – CE; (8) Barbalha, Várzea Alegre – CE; (9) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Camara – RN; (10) Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN

Infection sites: Lung and respiratory tract.

References: (1) Lima et al. (2018); (2) Anjos et al. (2008); (3) Almeida et al. (2009a); (4) Sousa et al. (2010); (5, 6, 10) Brito et al. (2014b); (5) Nascimento et al. (2020); (7) Ribeiro et al. (2012); (8) Silva et al. (2019a)

Remarks: Host C. arajara reported in Ribeiro et al. (2012) as M. arajara.

Raillietiella sp.

Hosts: Psychosaura macrorhyncha (1), Micrurus ibiboboca (2), Ameivula ocellifera (3), Ameivula nigrigula (3)

Localities: (1) Trancoso – BA; (2) Crato – CE; (3) Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE

Infection site: Encysted near the lung and respiratory tract.

References: (1) Vrcibradic et al. (2001); (2) Almeida et al. (2007); (3) Xavier et al. (2019)

Remarks: Host P. macrorhyncha reported in Vrcibradic et al. (2001) as M. macrorhyncha.

PLATYHELMINTHES

Phylum: Platyhelminthes Gegenbaur, 1859

Class: Cestoda Rudolphi, 1808

Cestoda undetermined

Hosts: Kentropyx calcarata (1), Leptodeira annulata (2)

Localities: (1) REBIO Guaribas, Mata Sítio Socorro – PB; (2) Aiuaba, Barro, Farias Brito, Jati, Mauriti – CE

Infection sites: Stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1) Teixeira et al. (2020); (2) Carvalho et al. (2018)

Order: Cyclophyllidea Braun, 1900

Family: Anoplocephalidae Cholodkovsky, 1902

Oochoristica Luhe, 1898

Oochoristica ameivae Beddard, 1914

Hosts: Ameivula nativo (1), Psychosaura macrorhyncha (2)

Localities: (1) Guaratiba – BA; (2) Trancoso – BA

Infection sites: Stomach and small intestine.

References: (1) Menezes et al. (2004); (2) Vrcibradic et al. (2001)

Remarks: Host A. nativo reported in Menezes et al. (2004) as C. nativo, and P. macrorhyncha reported in Vrcibradic et al. (2001) as M. macrorhyncha.

Oochoristica bresslaui Fuhrmann, 1927

Hosts: Tropidurus hispidus (1), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (2); Tropidurus torquatus (3)

Localities: (1) Fazenda Experimental do Vale do Curu – CE; (2) Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina – BA; (3) Salvador, Serrinha – BA

Infection site: Small intestine.

References: (1) Galdino et al. (2014); (2) Maia-Carneiro et al. (2017), (3) Vicente et al. (1978)

Oochoristica noronhae Bursey, Rocha, Menezes & Ariani, 2010

Host: Trachylepis atlântica

Locality: Fernando de Noronha – PE

Infection site: Small intestine

Reference: Bursey et al. (2010)

Oochoristica sp.

Hosts: Acratosaura mentalis (2), Ameiva ameiva (2, 10, 11), Ameivula nigrigula (12), Ameivula ocellifera (12, 13), Brasiliscincus heathi (1, 2), Colobosauroides cearensis (6), Gymnodactylus geckoides (1), Hemidactylus agrius (5), Hemidactylus brasilianus (5), Hemidactylus mabouia (4, 10), Micrablepharus maximiliani (7), Nothobachia ablephara (8), Phyllopezus pollicaris (4, 5), Procellosaurinus erythrocercus (9), Salvator merianae (17), Tropidurus hispidus (2, 13, 14, 15), Tropidurus semitaeniatus (2, 16)

Localities: (1) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE; (2) Alto Sertão – SE; (3) ESEC Aiuaba, Várzea Alegre – CE; (4) Crato – CE; (5) ESEC Aiuaba – CE; (6) Mauriti – CE; (7) Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE; (8) Petrolina – PE; (9) Petrolina – PE; (10) Paulino Neves – MA, Parnaíba – PI, Acaraú, Taíba São Gonçalo, Fortaleza, Icapuí – CE; (10) ESEC Aiuaba, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (11) Mata do Pau Ferro – PB; (12) Serra de Santo Inácio – BA, Pirambu – SE; (13) ESEC Aiuaba, Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Câmara – RN; (14) Cabaceiras – PB, Barra do Cunhaú – RN; (15) Jardim Botânico Benjamim Maranhão – PB; (16) Santa Quitéria, Várzea Alegre – CE, João Camara – RN; (17) Fernando de Noronha – PE

Infection sites: Cavity, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1, 3, 7, 10) Brito et al. (2014b); (2) Araújo Filho et al. (2020); (4) Sousa et al. (2014); (5) Lima et al. (2017); (6) Silva Neta & Ávila (2018); (8) Ribeiro et al. (2018); (9) Ferreira et al. (2020a); (10) Bezerra et al. (2020); (11, 15) Teixeira et al. (2020); (12) Xavier et al. 2019); (13, 16) Brito et al. (2014a, b); (14) Araujo Filho et al. (2017); (17) Ramalho et al. (2009)

Oochoristica travassosi Rêgo & Ibáñez, 1965

Hosts: Ameivula pyrrhogularis (1), Amphisbaena ridleyi (2), Trachylepis atlântica (2), Tropidurus jaguaribanus (3)

Localities: (1) ESEC Aiuaba, Cuncas, Dom Quintino, Quitaiús – CE; (2) Fernando de Noronha – PE (3) ESEC Aiuaba – CE

Infection sites: Oesophagus and small intestine.

References: (1) Silva et al. (2019b); (2) Ramalho et al. (2009); (3) Alcantara et al. (2018a)

Pseudosmenoviella Ceccolini & Cianferoni, 2021

Synonym: Semenoviella Spasskij, 1951

Pseudosmenoviella amphisbaenae Ceccolini & Cianferoni, 2021

Synonym: Semenoviella amphisbaenae Rudolphi, 1819

Host: Amphisbaena alba – Areia – PB

Locality: Areia – PB

Infection site: Large intestine.

Reference: Pereira et al. (2021)

Order: Proteocephalidea Mola, 1928

Family: Proteocephalidae La Rue, 1911

Proteocephalidae undetermined

Host: Hemidactylus mabouia

Locality: Acaraú – CE

Infection site: Small intestine.

Reference: Bezerra et al. (2020)

Ophiotaenia La Rue, 1911

Ophiotaenia sp.

Hosts: Philodryas olfersii (1), Pseudoboa nigra (2)

Localities: (1) Ilha Grande – PI; (2) Ceará – CE

Infection site: Small intestine.

References: Castro Araújo et al. (2020); (2) Matias et al. (2018)

Class: Trematoda Rudolphi, 1808

Family: Brachycoeliidae Looss, 1899

Cymatocarpus Looss, 1899

Cymatocarpus solearis Braun, 1899

Host: Eretmochelys imbricata

Localities: Ceará – CE, Bahia – BA

Infection site: Stomach.

Reference: Werneck et al. (2015)

Family: Cladorchiidae Fischoeder, 1901

Nematophila Travassos, 1934

Nematophila grandis Diesing, 1839

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Locality: Capibaribe – PE

Infection site: Large intestine.

Reference: Fonseca et al. (2021)

Family: Dicrocoeliidae Odhner, 1910

Euparadistomum Tubangui, 1931

Euparadistomum paraense Jansen, 1941

Host: Tropidurus hispidus

Locality: Alto Sertão – SE

Infection site: Gallbladder.

Reference: Araújo Filho et al. (2020)

Paradistomum Kossack, 1910

Paradistomum parvissimum Travassos, 1918

Hosts: Psychosaura macrorhyncha (1), Tropidurus torquatus (2)

Localities: (1) Trancoso – BA; (2) Salvador – BA

Infection sites: Gallbladder and choledochal duct.

References: (1) Vrcibradic et al. (2001); (2) Vicente (1978)

Remarks: Host P. macrorhyncha reported in Vrcibradic et al. (2001) as M. macrorhyncha.

Paradistomum rabusculum Kossack, 1910

Host: Gymnodactylus darwinii

Locality: São Lourenço da Mata – PE

Infection site: Liver.

Reference: Oitaven et al. (2019)

Paradistomum sp.

Host: Hemidactylus mabouia

Localities: Paulino Neves – MA, Parnaíba – PI, Acaraú, Taiba São Gonçalo, Fortaleza, Aracati, Icapuí – CE

Infection sites: Gallbladder, body cavity and small intestine.

Reference: Bezerra et al. (2020)

Platynosomum Looss, 1907

Platynosomum sp.

Hosts: Amphisbaena ridleyi (1), Hemidactylus mabouia (2), Trachylepis atlântica (3)

Localities: (1, 3) Fernando de Noronha – PE; (2) Paulino Neves – MA, Parnaíba – PI, Acaraú, Taiba São Gonçalo, Fortaleza, Aracati, Icapuí – CE

Infection sites: Gallbladder, bile duct, body cavity and small intestine.

References: (1) Ávila & Silva (2010); (2) Bezerra et al. (2020); (3) Ramalho et al. (2009)

Family: Echinostomatidae Looss, 1899

Prionosomoides Freitas & Dobbin Junior, 1967

Prionosomoides scalaris Freitas & Dobbin Junior, 1967

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Locality: Capibaribe – PE

Infection site: Small intestine.

Reference: Fonseca et al. (2021)

Family: Gorgoderidae Looss, 1899

Gorgoderina Looss, 1902

Gorgoderina sp.

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Locality: Cariús – CE

Infection site: Small intestine.

Reference: Pereira et al. (2018)

Family: Mesocoelidae Dollfus, 1929

Mesocoelium Odhner, 1910

Mesocoelium monas Rudolphi, 1819

Hosts: Amphisbaena ridleyi (3), Anolis fuscoauratus (1), Lygodactylus klugei (2), Trachylepis atlântica (3)

Localities: (1) Serra de Maranguape, Serra de Baturité, Parque Nacional Ubajara – CE; (2) Fazenda Experimental do Vale do Curu – CE; (3) Fernando de Noronha – PE;

Infection site: Small intestine.

References: (1) Mesquita et al. (2020); (2) Anjos et al. (2011); (3) Ramalho et al. (2009)

Remarks: Host A. fuscoauratus reported in Mesquita et al. (2020) as N. fuscoauratus.

Family: Plagiorchiidae Lühe, 1901

Haplometroides Odhner, 1910

Haplometroides odhneri Ruiz & Perez, 1959

Hosts: Anolis ortonii (1), Coleodactylus meridionalis (2), Dactyloa punctata (2), Dryadosaura nordestina (1, 3), Psychosaura agmosticha (4); Tropidurus hispidus (5)

Localities: (1) Mata de Goiamunduba – PB; (2, 4) REBIO Guaribas; (3) RPPN Engenho Gargaú, REBIO Guaribas, Mata Sítio Socorro – PB; (5) Jardim Botânico Benjamim Maranhão – PB

Infection sites: Stomach. small intestine and large intestine.

References: (1, 2) Teixeira et al. (2020, 2021); (3) Teixeira et al. (2018a); (4, 5) Teixeira et al. (2020)

Remarks: Host A. ortonii reported in Teixeira et al. (2020, 2021) as N. ortonii.

Class: Monogenoidea Bychowsky, 1937

Family: Polystomatidae Gamble, 1896

Polystomoides Ward, 1917

Polystomoides brasiliensis Vieira, Novelli, Sousa & Lima, 2008

Hosts: Mesoclemmys tuberculata (1), Phrynops geoffroanus (1); Phrynops geoffroanus (2)

Localities: (1) Poço Redondo, Tobias Barreto, Areia Branca, Pirambú, Capela – SE; (2) Capibaribe – PE

Infection sites: Mouth and oral cavity.

References: (1) Santana et al. (2019); (2) Fonseca et al. (2021)

Family: Pronocephalidae Loos, 1899

Cricocephalus Looss, 1899

Cricocephalus albus Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822

Host: Eretmochelys imbricata

Localities: Ceará – CE, Bahia – BA

Infection sites: Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

Reference: Werneck et al. (2015)

Diaschistorchis Johnston, 1913

Diaschistorchis pandus Braun, 1901

Host: Eretmochelys imbricata

Localities: Ceará – CE, Bahia – BA

Infection site: Small intestine.

Reference: Werneck et al. (2015)

Metacetabulum Freitas & Lent, 1938

Metacetabulum invaginatum Freitas & Lent, 1938

Host: Eretmochelys imbricata

Localities: Ceará – CE, Bahia – BA

Infection site: Small intestine.

Reference: Werneck et al. (2015)

Pronocephalus Looss, 1899

Pronocephalus obliquus Looss, 1901

Host: Eretmochelys imbricata

Localities: Ceará – CE, Bahia – BA

Infection site: Stomach.

Reference: Werneck et al. (2015)

Family: Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936

Herpetodiplostomum Achatz, Brito, Fecchio & Tkach, 2021

Synonym: Cheloniodiplostomum Sudarikov, 1960

Herpetodiplostomum testudines Achatz, Brito, Fecchio & Tkach, 2021

Synonym: Cheloniodiplostomum testudines Dubois, 1936

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Locality: Capibaribe – PE

Infection site: Small intestine.

Reference: Fonseca et al. (2021)

Family: Styphlotrematidae Baer, 1924

Styphlotrema Odhner, 1911

Styphlotrema solitaria Looss, 1899

Host: Eretmochelys imbricata

Localities: Ceará – CE, Bahia – BA

Infection sites: Stomach and large intestine.

Reference: Werneck et al. (2015)

Family: Telorchiidae Looss, 1899

Orchidasma Looss, 1900

Orchidasma amphiorchis Braun, 1899

Host: Eretmochelys imbricata

Localities: Ceará – CE, Bahia – BA

Infection site: Large intestine.

Reference: Werneck et al. (2015)

Telorchis Looss, 1899

Telorchis birabeni Mané-Garzon & Gil, 1961

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Locality: Capibaribe – PE

Infection site: Small intestine.

Reference: Fonseca et al. (2021)

Plerocercoid larvae

Host: Hemidactylus mabouia

Localities: Acaraú, Fortaleza, Aracati, Icapuí – CE

Infection sites: Body cavity and large intestine.

Reference: Bezerra et al. (2020)

Trematoda digenetic undetermined

Host: Philodryas olfersii

Locality: Ilha Grande – PI

Infection site: Large intestine.

Reference: Castro Araújo et al. (2020)

Host–parasite list

Family Amphisbaenidae

Amphisbaena alba Linnaeus, 1758

Aplectana albae

Aplectana pusilla

Aplectana unguiculata

Pseudosemenoviella amphisbaenae

Raillietiella gigliolii

Amphisbaena ridleyi Boulenger, 1890

Aplectana albae

Mesocoelium monas

Oochoristica travassosi

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Platynosomum sp.

Amphisbaena vermicularis Wagler, 1824

Aplectana sp.

Maracaya graciai

Physaloptera sp.

Raillietiella gigliolii

Amphisbaena sp.

Aplectana pusilla

Aplectana unguiculata

Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824

Paradollfusnema amphisbaenia

Leposternon polystegum (Duméril, 1851)

Aplectana nordestina

Paradollfusnema amphisbaenia

Family Aligatoridae

Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1802)

Amblyomma fuscum

Amblyomma rotundatum

Family Chelidae

Mesoclemmys tuberculata (Luederwaldt, 1926)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Physaloptera retusa

Polystomoides brasiliensis

Serpinema monospiculatus

Spiroxys figueiredoi

Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812)

Gorgoderina sp.

Herpetodiplostomum testudinis

Nematophila grandis

Physaloptera retusa

Polystomoides brasiliensis

Prionosomoides scalaris

Spiroxys figueiredoi

Telorchis birabeni

Family Cheloniidae

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758)

Tonaudia freitasi

Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766)

Cricocephalus albus

Cymatocarpus solearis

Diaschistorchis pandus

Metacetabulum invaginatum

Orchidasma amphiorchis

Pronocephalus obliquus

Styphlotrema solitária

Family Kinosternidae

Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)

Serpinema magathi

Spiroxys figueiredoi

Family Testudinidae

Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix, 1824)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Chelonoidis denticulatus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Family Boidae

Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758

Amblyomma fuscum

Amblyomma rotundatum

Amblyomma sp.

Porocephalus sp.

Corallus hortulana (Linnaeus, 1758)

Ornithodoros mimon

Amblyomma rotundatum

Epicrates assissi Machado, 1945

Amblyomma rotundatum

Epicrates cenchria (Linnaeus, 1758)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Amblyomma sp.

Eunectes murinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Family Elapidae

Micrurus ibiboboca (Merrem, 1820)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Ophidascaris cretinorum

Physaloptera sp.

Raillietiella sp.

Micrurus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Family Colubridae/Dpsadidae

Atractus guentheri (Wucherer, 1861)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Chironius exoletus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Amblyomma sp.

Chironius flavolineatus Jan, 1863

Amblyomma rotundatum

Amblyomma sp.

Drymarchon corais (Boie, 1827)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Erythrolamprus viridis (Günther, 1862)

Amblyomma sp.

Aplectana sp.

Centrorhynchus sp.

Physaloptera liophis

Helicops carinicaudus (Wied-Neuwied, 1824)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Amblyomma sp.

Cestoda undetermined

Cistacant

Hexametra boddaertii

Ornithodoros rietcorreai

Ornithodoros sp.

Oswaldocruzia sp.

Oxyascaris sp,

Physaloptera sp.

Raillietiella furcocerca

Raillietnema spectans

Lygophis dilepis Cope, 1862

Amblyomma rotundatum

Amblyomma sp.

Lygophis lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Cephalobaena tetrapoda

Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824)

Cephalobaena tetrapoda

Physaloptera nordestina

Oxyrhopus trigeminus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854

Ornithodoros sp.

Amblyomma rotundatum

Amblyomma sp.

Physaloptera sp.

Philodryas nattereri (Steindachner, 1870)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Amblyomma sp.

Cephalobaena tetrapoda

Oligacanthorhynchus sp.

Physaloptera sp.

Raillietiella furcocerca

Philodryas olfersii (Lichtenstein, 1823)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Amblyomma sp.

Aplectana sp.

Cosmocercidae larvae

Kalicephalus costatus

Ophiotaenia sp.

Ornithodoros sp.

Physaloptera sp.

Physalopteroides venancioi

Raillietiella furcocerca

Strongyloides ophidiae

Philodryas sp

Amblyomma sp.

Pseudoboa nigra (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)

Acanthocephalus sp.

Amblyomma sp.

Hexametra boddaertii

Oligacanthorhynchus sp.

Ophiotaenia sp.

Physaloptera nordestina

Physaloptera sp.

Physalopteroides venancioi

Spilotes pullatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Amblyomma sp.

Tantilla melanocephala (Linnaeus, 1758)

Amblyomma sp.

Xenodon merremii (Wagler, 1824)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Hastospiculum nordestinum

Physaloptera nordestina

Xenopholis scalaris (Wucherer, 1861)

Amblyomma rotundatum

Amblyomma sp.

Family Viperidae

Bothrops erythromelas Amaral, 1923

Amblyomma rotundatum

Cephalobaena tetrapoda

Physaloptera sp.

Bothrops leucurus (gr. atrox) Wagler, 1824

Amblyomma rotundatum

Amblyomma sp.

Crotalus durissus cascavella Linnaeus, 1758

Amblyomma rotundatum

Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766)

Hastospiculum onchocercum

Porocephalus stilesi

Family Dactyloidae

Anolis brasiliensis Vanzolini & Williams, 1970

Amblyomma sp.

Ohidascaris sp.

Oswaldocruzia bainae

Parapharyngodon sceleratus

Physaloptera retusa

Rhabdias sp.

Skrjabinellazia sp.

Anolis fuscoauratus D'Orbigny, 1837

Aplectana sp.

Centrorhynchus sp.

Cyrtosomum sp.

Mesocoelium monas

Pharyngodon travassosi

Physaloptera sp.

Rhabdias sp.

Skrjabinellazia intermedia

Skrjabinellazia sp.

Strongyloides sp.

Strongyluris oscari

Anolis ortonii Cope, 1868

Haplometroides odhneri

Physaloptera lutzi

Rhabdias sp.

Dactyloa punctata Daudin, 1802

Haplometroides odhneri

Physaloptera lutzi

Skrjabinellazia intermedia

Strongyluris oscari

Family Diploglossidae

Diploglossus lessonae Peracca, 1890

Aplectana sp.

Parapharyngodon verrucosus

Family Gekkonidae

Hemidactylus agrius Vanzolini, 1978

Centrorhynchidae

Oochoristica sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Physaloptera lutzi

Raillietiella mottae

Skrjabinellazia intermedia

Skrjabinellazia sp.

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Trichospirura sp.

Hemidactylus brasilianus Amaral, 1935

Oochoristica sp.

Parapharyngodn alvarengai

Physaloptera lutzi

Raillietiella mottae

Skrjabinellazia intermedia

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Trichospirura sp.

Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau de Jonnés, 1818)

Centrorhynchidae

Geckobia hemidactyli

Oochoristica sp.

Paradistomum sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Parapharyngodon sceleratus

Parapharyngodon sp.

Physaloptera retusa

Physalopteroides venancioi

Platynosomum sp.

Plerocercoid larvae

Proteocephalidae

Raillietiella frenata

Raillietiella mottae

Lygodactylus klugei (Smith, Martin & Swain, 1977)

Eutrombicula alfreddugesi

Mesocoelium monas

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Pharyngodon cesarpintoi

Physaloptera lutzi

Piratuba sp.

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Strongyluris oscari

Family Gymnophthalmidae

Acratosaura mentalis (Amaral, 1933)

Oochoristica sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Piratuba sp.

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Colobosauroides cearensis Cunha, Liima-Verde & lima, 1991

Oochoristica sp.

Oswaldocruzia sp.

Parapharyngodon largitor

Physaloptera sp.

Spauligodon sp.

Dryadosaura nordestina Rodrigues, Xavier Freire, Machado-Pellegrino & Sites, 2005

Aplectana sp.

Cosmocerca sp.

Haplometroides odhneri

Physaloptera lutzi

Micrablepharus maximiliani (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862)

Oochoristica sp.

Physaloptera lutzi

Raillietiella mottae

Spauligodon sp.

Nothobachia ablephara Rodrigues, 1984

Oochoristica sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Physaloptera sp.

Procellosaurinus erythrocercus Rodrigues, 1991

Parapharyngodon sp.

Oochoristica sp.

Vanzosaura multiscutata (Amaral, 1933)

Cosmocercidae

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Pharyngodon cesarpintoi

Physaloptera lutzi

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Family Iguanidae

Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758)

Alaeuris caudatus

Alaeuris sp.

Alaeuris vogelsangi

Amblyomma dissimile

Amblyomma rotundatum

Atractis sp.

Cosmocercidae larvae

Oswaldofilaria brevicaudata

Ozoalimus sp.

Ozolaimus cirratus

Ozolaimus megatyphlon

Physaloptera sp.

Piratuba sp.

Subulura sp.

Family Leiosauridae

Enyalius bibronii Boulenger, 1885

Physaloptera retusa

Enyalius catenatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1821)

Aplectana sp.

Rhabdias sp.

Family Phyllodactylidae

Gymnodactylus darwinii (Gray, 1845)

Aplectana sp.

Physaloptera sp.

Paradistomum rabusculum

Gymnodactylus geckoides Spix, 1825

Bertrandiella jimenezi

Oligacanthorhynchus sp.

Oochoristica sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera sp.

Piratuba sp.

Raillietiella mottae

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Strongyluris oscari

Trichospirura sp.

Phyllopezus lutzae (Loveridge, 1941)

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Phyllopezus periosus Rodrigues, 1986

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Raillietiella mottae

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Phyllopezus pollicaris (Spix, 1825)

Bertrandiella jimenezi

Oligacanthorhynchus sp.

Oochoristica sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Parapharyngodon sceleratus

Pharyngodon cesarpintoi

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera retusa

Raillietiella mottae

Skrjabinellazia intermedia

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Trichospirura sp.

Polychrus acutirostris Spix, 1825

Gynaecometra bahiensis

Physaloptera retusa

Family Scincidae

Brasiliscincus agilis (Raddi, 1823)

Parapharyngodon sceleratus

Physaloptera sp.

Brasiliscincus heathi (Schmidt & Inger, 1951)

Oswaldocruzia sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Oochoristica sp.

Copeoglossum arajara (Rebouças-Spieker, 1981)

Amblyomma sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Physaloptera sp.

Physalopteroides venancioi

Raillietiella mottae

Strongyluris oscari

Copeoglossum nigropunctatum (Spix, 1825)

Physaloptera retusa

Psychosaura macrorhyncha (Hoge, 1946)

Echinorhynchidae

Hexametra boddaertii

Oochoristica ameivae

Paradistomum parvissimum

Parapharyngodon sceleratus

Physalopteroides venancioi

Raillietiella sp.

Trachylepis atlantica (Schmidt, 1945)

Eutrombicula alfreddugesi

Mesocoelium monas

Moaciria alvarengai

Oochoristica noronhae

Oochoristica travassosi

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Platynosomum sp.

Raillietiella freitasi

Spinicauda spinicauda

Family Sphaerodactylidae

Coleodactylus meridionalis (Boulenger, 1888)

Oligacanthorhynchus sp.

Physaloptera lutzi

Haplometroides odhneri

Family Teiidae

Ameiva ameiva (Linnaeus, 1758)

Amblyomma dissimile

Amblyomma sp.

Cruzia sp.

Oligacanthorhynchus sp.

Oochoristica sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Parapharyngodon sp.

Pharyngodon sp.

Phrayngodon cesarpintoi

Physaloptera lutzi

Raillietiella mottae

Spinicauda amarali

Ameiva sp.

Pharyngodon travassosi

Ameivula nativo (Rocha, Bergallo & Peccinini-Seale, 1997)

Oochoristica ameivae

Parapharyngodon sp.

Physaloptera retusa

Physalopteroides venancioi

Skrjabinelazia intermedia

Subulura lacertília

Ameivula nigrigula (Arias, De Carvalho, Rodrigues & Zaher, 2011)

Ascidae

Eutrombicula alfreddugesi

Mesostigmata

Oochoristica sp.

Pharyngodon cesarpintoi

Physaloptera sp.

Phytoseiidae

Raillietiella sp.

Ameivula ocellifera (Spix, 1825)

Cheyletidae

Cruzia sp.

Eutrombciula alfreddugesi

Glycyphagidae

Hexametra boddaertii

Mesostigmata

Oligacanthorhynchus sp.

Oochoristica sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Parapharyngodon sp.

Pharyngodon cesarpintoi

Pharyngodon sp.

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera retusa

Physaloptera sp.

Phytoseiidae

Piratuba sp,

Prostigmata

Raillietiella sp.

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Strongyluris oscari

Tarsonemidae

Ameivula pyrrhogularis (Basto Da Silva & Ávila-Pires, 2013)

Cruzia sp.

Oochoristica travassosi

Parapharyngodon sp.

Physaloptera sp.

Physalopteroides venancioi

Glaucomastix abaetensis (Reis Dias, Rocha & Vrcibradic, 2002)

Hexametra boddaertii

Physaloptera sp.

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera retusa

Kentropyx calcarata Spix, 1825

Eutrombicula sp.

Pharyngodon sp.

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera retusa

Piratuba sp.

Salvator merianae Duméril & Bibron, 1839

Cruzia sp.

Cruzia travassosi

Diaphanocephalus galeatus

Oochoristica sp.

Oswaldofilaria petersi

Pharyngodon cesarpintoi

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera retusa

Physaloptera tupinambae

Spinicauda spinicauda

Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus, 1758)

Spinicauda spinicauda

Family Tropiduridae

Eurolophosaurus amathites (Rodrigues, 1984)

Physaloptera lutzi

Eurolophosaurus divaricatus (Rodrigues, 1986)

Physaloptera lutzi

Strobilurus torquatus Wiegmann, 1834

Eutrombicula alfreddugesi

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera retusa

Spauligodon loboi

Strongyluris oscari

Tropidurus cocorobensis Rodrigues, 1987

Eutrombicula alfreddugesi

Eutrombicula aff. alfreddugesi

Tropidurus erythrocephalus Rodrigues, 1987

Eutrombicula alfreddugesi

Eutrombicula aff. alfreddugesi

Tropidurus hispidus (Spix, 1825)

Amblyomma dissimile

Amblyomma rotundatum

Amblyommma sp.

Euparadistomum paraense

Eutrombicula aff. alfreddugesi

Eutrombicula alfreddugesi

Geckobiella harrisi

Geckobiella sp.

Haplometroides odhneri

Hexamtra boddaertii

Oligacanthorhynchus sp.

Oochoristica bresslaui

Oochoristica sp.

Oswaldocruzia sp.

Oswaldocruzia subauricularis

Oswaldofilaria petersi

Oswaldofilaria sp.

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Parapharyngodon hispidus

Parapharyngodon sceleratus

Parapharyngodon sp.

Parapharyngodon verrucosus

Pharyngodon cesarpintoi

Pharyngodon sp.

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera retusa

Physaloptera sp.

Physalopteroides venancioi

Piratuba digiticauda

Piratuba sp.

Raillietiella mottae

Rhabdias sp.

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis

Strongyluris oscari

Tropidurus hygomi Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862

Physaloptera lutzi

Tropidurus jaguaribanus Passos, Lima & Borges-Nojosa, 2011

Oochoristica trabassosi

Parapharyngodon alvarengai

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera sp.

Spauligodon sp.

Strongyluris oscari

Tropidurus psammonastes Rodrigues, Kasahara, Yonenaga-Yassuda, 1988

Physaloptera lutzi

Tropidurus semitaeniatus (Spix, 1825)

Cosmocercidae

Eutrombicula aff. afreddugesi

Eutrombicula afreddugesi

Oligacanthorhynchus sp.

Oochoristica bresslaui

Parapharyngdon sceleratus

Parapharyngodpn sp.

Pharyngodon cesarpintoi

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera retusa

Physaloptera sp.

Piratuba sp.

Raillietiella mottae

Spauligodon loboi

Strongyluris oscari

Trichospirura sp.

Tropidurus sp.

Amblyomma sp.

Tropidurus torquatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)

Eutrombicula alfreddugesi

Oochoristica bresslaui

Paradistomum parvissimum

Parapharyngodon sceleratus

Parapharyngodon sp.

Pharyngodon sp.

Physaloptera lutzi

Physaloptera retusa

Piratuba digiticauda

Raillietiella freitasi

Skrjabinellazia intermedia

Strongyluris oscari

Discussion

Our data indicate that lizards had the highest number of records, diversity and parasite richness (fig. 3) with around the 110 taxa (51% of total taxa reported in this study) registered for 56 of the 134 species (41% of the lizard species that occur in the region), mostly belonging to the family Tropiduridae and the genus Tropidurus.

Fig. 3. Percentage of the main parasitic groups found in each reptile group investigated.

The nematodes were most frequent helminths in the reptiles of Northeast Brazil, and the genera Parapharyngodon and Physaloptera were most common. Parapharyngodon species are gastrointestinal parasites that are found mainly in insectivorous reptiles (Adamson, 1981), with lizards as their main hosts (Morsy et al., 2019). In Northeast Brazil they inhabited around 24 species of lizards from six different families. In many cases, the hosts harboured more than one species, most commonly with more than one parasite species of the genus in the same host (Pereira et al., 2017). Physaloptera species are parasites common in the stomach and muscles of mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds (Kalyanasundaram et al., 2018). For Northeast Brazil the species P. retusa was the most reported, infecting 17 species from two distinct groups (testudines and lizards).

The ectoparasite Amblyomma rotundatum was the most frequently occurring in north-eastern reptiles, parasitizing 26 distinct species, and was present in the four investigated snake families. Amblyomma has the greatest diversity of species, represented by about 138 of which 32 are recorded in Brazil, and has the greatest range of related hosts (Fonseca et al., 2017; Alcantara et al. 2018a). Amblyomma rotundatum is commonly found parasitizing anuran amphibians (such as Rhinella crucifer, Rhinella diptycha, Rhinella granulosa, Rhinella gildae and Rhinella marina) (Santos et al., 2002; Horta et al., 2015; Alcantara et al. 2018b). Mites and monogenetic and digenetic trematodes presented the least parasitic diversity in the reptiles from Northeast Brazil.

In general, the data obtained indicate that the distribution of information for each group reflects the abundance and ease of capturing the hosts. This explains the greater number of studies on lizards, which in general are abundant and easy to capture, unlike animals with secretive habits or with lower density, such as snakes and amphisbaenians.

Conclusion

The parasitic fauna of reptiles from Northeast Brazil is composed predominantly of nematodes. Vicente et al. (1993) catalogued information for 90 species of reptiles from Brazil, and Ávila & Silva (2010) recorded data for about 118 species of lizards and five amphisbaenians from South America. In the current paper, cases of parasitism were reported for 101 species, which corresponds to just over 23% of the species that occur in Northeast Brazil. There is a growing interest in the investigation of parasite communities in reptiles and other vertebrate hosts, which reflects the establishment of new research groups interested in these topics at the beginning of the twenty-first century. In recent years, about four parasitic species have been described from reptiles from Northeast Brazil, demonstrating the region's potential richness of parasitic fauna. We believe that the current paper presents a comprehensive overview of information about the parasitic fauna of reptiles in Northeast Brazil, presenting the gaps standing out for being exclusively focused on the region, which in the past was framed by scholars in the category of poor in biodiversity, but which on the contrary is so rich in reptile species and has been shown to be equally diverse in terms of parasitic fauna.