Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T16:16:44.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Anthropometry of Greek Statues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

Extract

Note.—The illustrations which I have given are not to be regarded as finished drawings, but rather as the best results that could be obtained from the records of my working note-books, and of measurings made in the midst of the statues. The whole purpose is to submit a practicable method.

It is strange that it should be believed by many artists and critics of art that no doctrine of human proportions was known in the schools of the great masters. For the contrary would seem to be the true case, if we are to judge by the practice and the comments of the artists and their friends. Egyptian and early Greek, and indeed all symbolic art is obviously based on measured proportions. The remark of Diodorus (I. 98) about the twentyone parts by which the body was measured in Egyptian sculpture may not be enough for a theory of an Egyptian canon, but it agrees well enough with the plainly systematic treatment of the sitting and the standing figures. It is more difficult to believe that the Egyptian sculptor had not a set of ratios which he used in his work.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies 1915

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aeby, (Prof. of Berne). Articles: (1) ‘Der Bau des menschlichen Körpers,’ and (2) ‘Die Altersverschiedenheiten der menschlichen Wirbelsäule,’ both articles in Archiv für Anatomie u. Entwickelungsgeschichte.Google Scholar
Anderson, W. (translator of Brücke). Brücke's The Human Figure. London, 1891.Google Scholar
Audran, G. A work on proportions in ‘heads, parts, and minutes.’ Les proportions du corps humain. 1683 fol.; English trans. 1790, in Brit. Mus. print room.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . Poet. i. 447, iv. 1448 and 60, xxv. 1461, ii. 1448, ix. 1451. Metaph. xiii. 3, 1078; Politic. iii. 11. 1281. On the artist as μιμητής and with reference to μϵτριότης and σνμμϵτρία.Google Scholar
Arphe y Villaphañe, . De Varia Commensuracion. 1585.Google Scholar
Baxter, J.Statistics medical, etc. of Provost Marshal General's Bureau, i. 62. 1875. An outline of the history of anthropometry.Google Scholar
Bergmüller, G.Anthropometria. 1723.Google Scholar
Blanc, C.Grammaire des Arts du dessin (Canon, pp. 37 ff. Middle finger as unit, nineteen divisions of the body). 2nd ed. 1870.Google Scholar
Biometrika. Cambridge, 1901, etc. Especially ii. pp. 1–23, 345–47, and 349–56.Google Scholar
Bossi, Gius. (1) Storia delle Arti. (2) Del Cenacolo di Leonardo da Vinci; a chapter in Book IV. deals with ‘Opinioni di Leonardo intorno alle proporzioni d. corpo umano.’ 1810. The Opinioni separately in 1811. With plates. For an account of Leonardo da Vinci's search for the Canon.Google Scholar
Bonomi, Joseph. The proportions of the Human Figure, with … instrument for the identification, etc. London, 1880. (With Scheme, and Bibliography, B.C. 53 to A.D. 1879.) Excellent drawing. Important work.Google Scholar
Brücke, Ernst. Schönheit u. Fehler der mensch. Gestalt. 1891; Eng. trans.: The Human Figure. 1900.Google Scholar
H., BulleDer schöne Mensch. With Plates. 1899.Google Scholar
Camper, , translated by T., CoganOn the connexion between the Science of Anatomy and the Arts of Drawing. 1794. Camper was the discoverer of the facial angle and the ellipses for shoulders and pelvis.Google Scholar
Carus, C.Die proportionslehre der mensch. Gestalt, fol. Leipzig, 1854.Google Scholar
Cesariano's edition of Vitruvius. Como, 1521.Google Scholar
Choulant, J. L.Geschichte u. Bibliogr. der anatom. Abbildungen. 1852.Google Scholar
Colenso, R. J. (1) Living Anatomy. 1900. (2) Landmarks in Artistic Economy. London, 1902.Google Scholar
Conway, W. M. Literary remains of Albrecht Dürer. Camb. Univ. Press, 1889. Indispensable for Dürer.Google Scholar
Conze, . Article ‘On the Eye in Ancient Sculpture’ in the Sitzungsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin (1892) vii.Google Scholar
Craig, J. J.Anthropometry of Modern Egyptians. 1911.Google Scholar
Cunningham, D. J.On the Lumbar Curve.’ Cunningham Memoirs, Vol. 2.Google Scholar
Cunningham, D. J.Text-book of Anatomy. 4th ed. 1913. See Stiles, infra.Google Scholar
Dictionnaire Encyclopéd. des Sciences Méd. Article s.v. Anthropologia. Paris, 1866, etc. An outline of history of Anthropometry down to 1866.Google Scholar
Dürer, A. (see also Conway, supra.) (1) Della simmetria dei corpi humani. Especially his portfolios. Venice, 1591. ‘Poca et debole cosa questo libro.'—M. Angelo. (2) Les quatres livres. 1613. Also (3) an introductory treatise, The Teaching of Measurement by Rule and Compass: Underweyssung der messung mit dem zirckel u. richtscheyt. 1525.Google Scholar
Duval, M.Grundriss der Anatomie für Künstler. 1891.Google Scholar
Duval, M.Artistic Anatomy. 1905.Google Scholar
Duchenne, . ‘Sur l'ensellure lombo-sacrée des femmes de Boulogne,’ in Bulletin de la Soc. d' Anthrop. de Paris. 1867.Google Scholar
Fau, J.The Anatomy of the External Forms of Man. London, 1879.Google Scholar
Fawcett, Cicely D., and Alice, Lee. ‘Variation and Correlation of the Human Skull,’ in Biometrika, vol. i. pp. 408467. Five years’ work in measuring 500 skulls.Google Scholar
Fritsch, Gustav, with Harlen, and Schmidt, C.. Die Gestalt des Menschen. Stuttgart, 1899.Google Scholar
Froriep, . Charakteristik des Kopfes. Berlin, 1845.Google Scholar
Gardner, E. A.Six Greek Sculptors. Especially the Introduction. Latest edition, London, 1915.Google Scholar
Gebhart, E. Article ‘Canon’ in Darembert and Saglio's Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Rom. Paris, 1892.Google Scholar
Gerrish, F. H. ‘Relational Anatomy,’ being the penultimate section of his Text-book of Anatomy. 1899.Google Scholar
Gray, Hy. ‘Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings,’ being last section of his Anatomy. 18th ed. 1913.Google ScholarPubMed
Hagen, B.Anthropologischer Atlas. 1898.Google Scholar
Harless, E.Lehrbuch der plastischen Anatomie. 1856. 3 vols.Google Scholar
Hart, D. B.Atlas of Female Pelvic Anatomy. Edinburgh, 1884.Google Scholar
Hay, D. R.Geometric Beauty of the Human Figure; a system of aesthetic proportions. Edinburgh, 1851.Google Scholar
Hay, D. R.Proportions of the Human Head. Blackwood's. Edinburgh, 18461949.Google Scholar
Humphry, G. M. ‘The proportions of the Human Figure’ in his Treatise on the Human Skeleton. 1858. Gives tables based on Carus.Google Scholar
Hooper, . Article in Med. Dict. ‘Anthropometry.’ 1839.Google Scholar
Jacobson, W. H. H.See Morris.Google Scholar
Koch, M. 100 Modellstudien. Leipzig, 1897.Google Scholar
Koch, and Rieth, . Der Akt. 4to. Berlin, 1895.Google Scholar
Kollmann, Julius. Plast. Anatomie. 1886.Google Scholar
Kalkmann, A.Die Proportionen des Gesichts in der griech. Kunst. 893. Reimer, G., Berlin.Google Scholar
Lee, Lewenz and Pearson, K.. Article in Roy. Soc. Proc. vol. 71, pp. 106sqq.Google Scholar
Liharzik, of Vienna. The Law of the Growth and the Structure of Man. Based on 6,000 models. Das Gesetz … Bau des Menschen, die Proportionslehre, etc. Vienna 1862.Google Scholar
Lucian, . De saltat. 75.Google Scholar
Lanzi, L. A.Notizie d. Scult. Antichi, p. 52. 1824.Google Scholar
Lange, Julius. Darstellung des Menschen. 1899.Google Scholar
Leonardo da Vinci, . (1) The Literary Works of Leon. da V. by J. P. Richter. Vol. I. 1883. (2) Quaderni d'Anatomia. Pub. Dybwad, Christiania, 1914. The original is in the Royal Library at Windsor. (3) Simmetria d. Corpi umani. See Bossi.Google Scholar
Loewy, Emanuel. Die Naturwidergabe in der älteren griech. Kunst. 1900. Trs. Fothergill. 1907.Google Scholar
Man. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute. 1901–1905.Google Scholar
Marshall, John. (1) Anatomy for Artists. 1878. (2) Description of the Human Body, with plates. 1875. (3) Life-sized diagrams of the Human Body. 1875. (4) A rule of proportion for the Human Figure. 1879.Google Scholar
Mégret, Adolphe. Étude sur les Canons de Polycléte. See Anthropologie normale. 1895.Google Scholar
Mengs, A. Raphael. Opere. Parma, 1780. In Eng. trs. 1796. In German Mengs'… Schriften. Bonn, 1843. Esp. cap. xii. and the Anmerkung.Google Scholar
Michaelis, A.Ancient Marbles in Great Britain. 1882.Google Scholar
Michaelis, A. Article: ‘The Metrological Relief at Oxford’ in Journ. Hell. St. iv. 335.Google Scholar
Morris, H. (and Jacobson, W. H. A.). Human Anatomy. Especially Sect. xiii. ‘Topographical Anatomy,’ by Jacobson, W. H. A.. 1907. 4th ed.Google Scholar
Moody, F. W.Lectures and lessons in Art. 1873.Google Scholar
Montabert, Paillot de.Traité de la Peinture, 1829, and article in Dict. … des Beaux-Arts.Google Scholar
Murray, A. S.History of Greek Sculpture. 1883.Google Scholar
Naegelé, . Das weibliche Becken. Carlsruhe, 1825.Google Scholar
Paterson, A. M.The Human Sternum. London, 1904.Google Scholar
Pearson, Karl. Math. Contrib. to the theory of evaluation. Article in Philos. Trans n8 vol. 187 A, pp. 253sqq. Use of terms variation, correlation, etc.Google Scholar
Perrot, and Chipiez, . Histoire de l'Art. (Canon, i. 767 ff.)Google Scholar
Plato, . Rep. x. 595; Legg. ii. 667, 653; Phileb. 64: Tim, 87; Polit. 284; Soph. 228. On the general principles of symmetry. No ἀναλογία.Google Scholar
Pliny, , xxxiv. and xxxv.Google Scholar
Quain, J.Anatomy, especially vol. iv. pt. i. on ‘Arthrology.” 11th edition. London.Google Scholar
Quételet, L. A. J.Anthropométrie. 1870.Google Scholar
Rawling, L. B.Landmarks and Surface-markings of the Human Body. London, 1912.Google Scholar
Roberts, C.Manual of Anthropometry, with Bibliogr. to A.D. 1878.Google Scholar
Roth, Ch.Plastisch-Anatomischer Atlas. Ebner, Stuttgart, 1886 2nd ed.Google Scholar
Rochet, R.The Prototype of Man (Laws of Human Proportion). 1889.Google Scholar
Sánchez y Sánchez, D.Consideraciones criticas … Anthropometria. A summary (in Spanish) of the state of the study, especially in reference to the Congrès International d'Anthropologie, which had formulated an International Agreement at Geneva in September, 1912. Pub. in his Memorias, tom. 7. 1913.Google Scholar
Schadow, J. G. (1) Polyclet oder von den Maassen des Menschen. Berlin, pub. 1834. London, 1886. Very many measurements of models and statues. (2) Article ‘Canon’ in Dict. de l'Académie des Beaux-Arts. Paris, 1867. (3) The Sculptor's … Guide to the Proportions. 1883.Google Scholar
Stiles, H. G. ‘Surface and surgical anatomy,’ being the last section of Cunningham's Text-book of Anatomy.Google Scholar
Story, W. W.The Proportions of the Human Figure. London, 1864. Gives a very full list of all who have previously worked on the proportions in ancient and modern times.Google Scholar
Stratz, C. H. (1) De Vrowen op Java. 1897. (2) Die Körperformen … der Japaner. 1902. (3) Die Rassenschönheit des Weibes. 1901.Google Scholar
Taylor, E. H.Treatise on Applied Anatomy. 1904.Google Scholar
Thane, G. D. Appendix (to his Edition of Quain's Anatomy): ‘Superficial Anatomy.’Google Scholar
Thomson, A.Anatomy for Art Students. 1896. Oxf. Clar. Pr. Ash. G. I.Google Scholar
Topinard, Paul. Eléments d'Anthropologie. Three concluding chapters on Anthropometry to 1885.Google Scholar
Urlichs, L.Griech. Kunstschrift.Google Scholar
Valentin, V.Die hohe Frau von Milo. 1872.Google Scholar
da Vinci. (See Leonardo.)Google Scholar
Vitruvius, . iii. 1, p. 65; iv. 3, 91. 1st cent. B.C.Google Scholar
Walker, A.Beauty in Woman, chaps, xvii, and xviii. 5th ed.Lond. 1892. A readable summary of pros and cons in regard to proportion.Google Scholar
Winckelmann, . Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums, especially chapter on ‘Von d. K. unter den Griechen.’ Dresden, 1764.Google Scholar
Windle, B. C. A.The Proportions of the Human Body. London, 1889. Tabulated list of Authors.Google Scholar