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The global history of Latin America*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2015

Matthew Brown
Matthew Brown*
Affiliation:
Department of Hispanic, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Bristol, 15 Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1TE, UK E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

This article explains why historians of Latin America have been disinclined to engage with global history, and how global history has yet to successfully integrate Latin America into its debates. It analyses research patterns and identifies instances of parallel developments in the two fields, which have operated until recently in relative isolation from one another, shrouded and disconnected. It outlines a framework for engagement between Latin American history and global history, focusing particularly on the significant transformations of the understudied nineteenth century. It suggests that both global history and Latin American history will benefit from recognition of the existing work that has pioneered a path between the two, and from enhanced and sustained dialogue.

Keywords

commoditiesdecolonialityempirehistoriographyLatin America
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Global History , Volume 10 , Issue 3 , November 2015 , pp. 365 - 386
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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Footnotes

*

This article was originally presented as a keynote lecture to the University of Oxford Centre of Global History workshop on Latin America on 12 March 2014. I thank all of the participants for their suggestions for improvement. I acknowledge the insights of the editors and anonymous reviewers of the Journal of Global History, and the formational conversations that I have had with Paula Caffarena, Joanna Crow, Paulo Drinot, Andrew Ginger, Nicola Foote, Alan Knight, Su Lin Lewis, Chris Manias, Fernando Padilla Angulo, and Jonathan Saha, which have assisted me in articulating some of these thoughts.

References

1 See for example the 2013 campaign against the University of Oxford’s decision to freeze its Chair in Latin American History, http://paulodrinot.wordpress.com/2013/02/18/oxford-chair-in-the-history-of-latin-america-copy-of-letter-sent-to-professor-andrew-hamilton-vice-chancellor-university-of-oxford-on-15-february-2013/ (consulted 2 July 2015), signed by many historians of Latin America from around the world. For a rigorous overview, see Middel, Matias and Naumann, Katja, ‘Global history and the spatial turn: from the impact of area studies to the study of critical junctures of globalization’, Journal of Global History, 5, 1, 2010, pp. 149–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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16 Another example of how new approaches can repeat the absences and omissions of previous imperial narratives can be found in Emma Rothschild’s work on the United Nations and world archives, in which the only engagement with Latin America is a handful of references to the existence of archives in Mexico. Rothschild, Emma, ‘The archives of universal history’, Journal of World History, 19, 3, 2008, pp. 375–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Compare this with the work of Latin Americanists, for example Molyneux, Maxine and Craske, Nikki, ‘The local, the regional and the global: transforming the politics of rights’, in Nikki Craske and Maxine Molyneux, eds., Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002, pp. 5–14Google Scholar.

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23 Osterhammel, Jürgen, The transformation of the world: a global history of the nineteenth century, trans. Patrick Camiller, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014Google Scholar. The author relies heavily on narrative overviews of Latin American history and is prone to mistakes: of fact, as in the independence of Brazil (p. 100), and of interpretation, as in the attribution of the term ‘Latin America’ to French strategists behind the invasion of Mexico in the 1860s (p. 82), rather than to Latin Americans themselves in the 1840s, as discussed in Mignolo, Idea of Latin America.

24 Carmagnani, Marcello, The other west: Latin America from invasion to globalization, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2011Google Scholar.

25 This call follows the trajectory established by Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge and Seeman, Erik R., eds., The Atlantic in global history 1500–2000, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2007Google Scholar.

26 See, for example, Lázaro, Fabio López, The misfortunes of Alonso Ramírez: the true adventures of a Spanish American with 17th-century pirates, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2011Google Scholar.

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28 Dietschy, Paul, ‘Making football global? FIFA, Europe and the non-European football world, 1912–1974’, Journal of Global History, 8, 2, 2013, pp. 279–298CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29 See Brown, Matthew, ‘British informal empire and the origins of Association football in South America’, Soccer and Society, 15, 2–3, 2015, pp. 167–182Google Scholar.

30 A similar observation might also be made for Itinerario, the International Journal on the History of European Expansion and Global Interaction, which focuses on 1500–1950.

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33 Annales mission statement, http://annales.ehess.fr (consulted accessed 15 July 2014).

34 For example, the special sections on ‘The West Indies and Europe in the eighteenth century’ and ‘Colonised memories’, Annales, 68, 1, 2013; Vidal, Cécile, ‘Pour une histoire globale du monde atlantique ou des histories connectés dans et au-delà du monde atlantique?’, Annales, 67, 2, 2012, pp. 391–413Google Scholar; Rosental, Paul-André, ‘Migration, sovereignty and social rights: protecting and expelling foreigners in Europe from the early 19th century to the present’, Annales, 66, 2, 2011, pp. 335–373Google Scholar; Safier, Neil, ‘Transforming the torrid zone: Enlightenment catalogues of nature in the tropics’, Annales, 66, 1, 2011, pp. 143–172Google Scholar.

35 A good example here is Thibaud, Clément, Entin, Gabriel, Gómez, Alejandro, Morelli, and Federica, , eds., L’Atlantique révolutionnaire: une perspective ibéro-américaine, Rennes: Les Perséides, 2013Google Scholar; also Ardila, Daniel Gutierrez, El reconocimiento de Colombia: diplomacia y propaganda en la coyuntura de las restauraciones (1819–1831), Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2012Google Scholar.

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37 Verdesio, Gustavo, ‘Latin American subaltern studies revisited: is there life after the demise of the group?’, Dispositio/n, 52, 2005, p. 4Google Scholar. This was a special issue on the legacy of subaltern studies for Latin America, with many interesting contributions. It is worth noting that Verdesio’s introduction uses the word ‘history’ only once, and that in reference to the history of the Latin American Subaltern Studies group, not the history of Latin America. On the disconnect between world history and area studies in the US, explained by methodological and disciplinary approaches, see Manning, , Navigating world history, pp. 146–155Google Scholar.

38 Strasser, Ulrike and Tinsman, Heidi, ‘It’s a man’s world? World history meets the history of masculinity, in Latin American studies, for instance’, Journal of World History, 21, 1, 2010, pp. 75–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. pp. 76–82.

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41 Strasser, and Tinsman, , ‘It’s a man’s world?’, p. 78Google Scholar.

42 This statement is based on a review of the publication lists of Keith Brewster, Rebecca Earle, Will Fowler, Nicola Miller, and Patience Schell, whom we might characterize as the second generation of historians of Latin America in the UK. An exception is Alejandra Irigoin, who has published in both JGH and JWH: Grafe, Regina and Irigoin, Maria Alejandra, ‘The Spanish empire and its legacy: fiscal redistribution and political conflict in colonial and post-colonial Spanish America’, Journal of Global History, 1, 2006, pp. 241–267CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Irigoin, Alejandra, ‘The end of a silver era: the consequences of the breakdown of the Spanish peso standard in China and the United States, 1780s–1850s’, Journal of World History, 20, 2, 2009, pp. 207–244CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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45 One example comes from the Universidad de Chile, according to http://www.filosofia.uchile.cl/ciencias-historicas (consulted 2 July 2015).

46 On Freyre’s global influence see Pallares-Burke, Maria Lucia G. and Burke, Peter, Gilberto Freyre: social theory in the tropics, Oxford: Peter Lang, 2008Google Scholar.

47 See, for example, the tables of contents of Historia y Sociedad, published in Medellin, Colombia: http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/hisysoc/issue/archive (consulted 2 July 2015). Issue 27 (2014) contains articles on the histories of Colombia, Argentina, Germany, and Chile, though none of these could be thought of as ‘global histories’.

48 Vengoa, Hugo Fazio, Cambio de paradigma: de la globalización a la historia global, Bogotá: CESO–Uniandes, 2007Google Scholar; Vengoa, Hugo Fazio, ‘La historia global y su conveniencia para el estudio del pasado y del presente’, Historia Critica, 33, 2009, pp. 300–319Google Scholar.

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54 Google Scholar Citation search on ‘Catherine LeGrand living in Macondo’ (consulted 14 July 2014). A possible exception is Lipman, Jana, Guantanamo: working-class history between empire and revolution, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2008CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which might be considered global history at a push.

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57 The literature on this subject is large and well known. A recent addition is Earle, Rebecca, The body of the conquistador: food, race and the colonial experience in Spanish America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012CrossRefGoogle Scholar, especially pp. 146–9.

58 Adelman, Jeremy, Sovereignty and revolution in the Iberian Atlantic, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006Google Scholar; Elliott, J. H., Empires of the Atlantic world: Britain and Spain in the Americas 1492–1830, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006Google Scholar.

59 See the excellent account in Pomeranz, , Great Divergence, pp. 265–297Google Scholar.

60 Foote, Nicola, ‘Writing Latin American nations from their borders: bringing nationalism and immigration histories into dialogue’, in Nicola Foote and Michael Goebel, eds., Immigration and national identities in Latin America, Miami, FL: University of Florida Press, 2014, pp. 281–304CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Tellingly, Richard Drayton’s chapter on slavery and labour is the only contribution to Hopkins’ pioneering Globalization in world history that deals with Latin America in any detail: Drayton, Richard, ‘The collaboration of labour: slaves, empires, and globalization in the Atlantic world’, in Hopkins, Globalization, pp. 98–114Google Scholar.

61 Brown, and Paquette, , Connections after colonialism, pp. 1–28Google Scholar; see also Brown, Matthew, The struggle for power in post-independence Colombia and Venezuela, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 Some exceptions are Quintero, Ines, El hijo de la panadera, Caracas: Alfa, 2014Google Scholar; Racine, Karen, Francisco de Miranda: a transatlantic life in the age of revolution, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002Google Scholar; Adelman, Jeremy, ‘Iberian passages: continuity and change in the South Atlantic’, in David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, eds., The age of revolutions in global context, c.1760–1840, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, pp. 59–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

63 Moya, , ‘Introduction’, p. 10Google Scholar. A view of the period that persists in placing Latin America on the periphery is Wills, John E. Jr, ‘What’s new? Studies of revolutions and divergences 1770–1840’, Journal of World History, 25, 1, 2014, pp. 127–186CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

64 Dunkerley, James, Americana: the Americas in the world around 1850 (or, ‘seeing the elephant’ as the theme for an imaginary western), New York: Verso, 2000Google Scholar.

65 Schell, Patience, The sociable sciences: Darwin and his contemporaries in Chile, New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Caffarena, Paula, ‘La historia global de la viruela y la vacuna en Chile, 1780–1830’, PhD thesis, Universidad Católica de Chile, 2015Google Scholar; Podgorny, Irina, ‘Fossil dealers, the practices of comparative anatomy and British diplomacy in Latin America, 1820–1840’, British Journal for the History of Science, 46, 4, 2013, pp. 647–674CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

66 Cowie, Helen, Exhibiting animals in nineteenth-century Britain: empathy, education, entertainment, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 Ibid., p. 91. Another excellent example is Foote, Nicola and Gunnels, Charles W. ‘Exploring early human-animal encounters in the Galápagos Islands using a historical zoology approach’ in Susan Nance, ed., The historical animal, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2015, pp. 203–220Google Scholar.

68 Cowie, , Exhibiting animals, pp. 77–100Google Scholar, esp. p. 86.

69 On this see the interesting reflections of Adelman, Jeremy, ‘Mimesis and rivalry: European empires and global regimes’, Journal of Global History, 10, 1, 2015, pp. 77–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

70 Evans, Chris and Saunders, Olivia, ‘A world of copper: globalizing the Industrial Revolution, 1830–70’, Journal of Global History, 10, 1, 2015, pp. 3–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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74 Cushman, Gregory, Guano and the opening of the Pacific world, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

75 Ibid., p. 341. Another good example is Gootenburg, Paul, Andean cocaine: the making of a global drug, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009Google Scholar.

76 A good example is Gungwu, Wang, ed., Global history and migrations, Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997Google Scholar. See the critique advanced in Goebel, Michael, ‘Reconceptualizing diasporas and national identities in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1850–1950’, in Foote and Goebel, Immigration, pp. 1–30Google Scholar, and the attempt by James Belich to incorporate settler colonization in late nineteenth-century Brazil and Argentina into his account of ‘the rise of the Anglo-world’ in Replenishing the earth: the settler revolution and the rise of the Anglo-world, 1783–1939, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 520–40.

77 Anderson, Benedict, Under three flags: anarchism and the anti-colonial imagination, London: Verso, 2006Google Scholar; see also the suggestive work of Laqua, Daniel, ‘Transnational intellectual cooperation, the League of Nations, and the problem of order’, Journal of Global History, 6, 2, pp. 223–247CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

78 Bauer, Arnold, Goods, power, history: Latin America’s material culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001Google Scholar.

79 See the essays collected in Topik, Steven, Marichal, Carlos, Frank, and Zephyr, , eds., From silver to cocaine: Latin American commodity chains and the building of the world economy, 1500–2000, Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press, 2006CrossRefGoogle Scholar (quote from p. 3 of the editors’ introduction); Topik, Steven and Wells, Allen, Global markets transformed, 1870–1945, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2012Google Scholar.

80 Topik, Steven and Samper, Mario, ‘The Latin American coffee commodity chain: Brazil and Costa Rica’, in Topik, Marichal, and Frank, From silver to cocaine, p. 129Google Scholar.

81 Topik, Steven, Marichal, Carlos, Frank, and Zephyr, , ‘Introduction’, in Topik, Marichal, and Franks, From silver to cocaine, p. 15Google Scholar.

82 Sáenz, Mario, ed., Latin American perspectives on globalization: ethics, politics, and alternative visions, London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002Google Scholar; Johnston, Hank and Almeida, Paul, eds., Latin American social movements, London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006Google Scholar; Ocampo, José Antonio and Martín, Juan, eds., Globalization and development, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

83 On Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the dependency theorist-turned-president of Brazil, see his Charting a new course: the politics of globalization and social transformation, London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.

84 Guardiola-Rivera, Oscar, What if Latin America ruled the world? How the South will take the North into the 22nd century, London: Verso, 2011Google Scholar.

85 Wright, Donald, The world and a very small place in Africa: a history of globalization in Niumi, the Gambia, 3rd edn, London: M.E. Sharpe, 2010Google Scholar.

86 Call, Wendy, No word for welcome: the Mexican village faces the global economy, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, pp. 291–293Google Scholar.

87 Logan, Joy, Aconcagua: the invention of mountaineering on America’s highest peak, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2011Google Scholar.

88 Schaub, Jean-Frédéric, ‘Notes on some discontents in the historical narrative’, in Maxine Berg, ed., Writing the history of the global: challenges for the 21st century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 48–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

89 An overview of this interpretation is in Galeano, Eduardo, Children of the days: a calendar of human history, New York: Nation Books, 2013Google Scholar.

90 Mignolo, Walter, The darker side of western modernity: global futures, decolonial options, Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press, 2011, p. 163CrossRefGoogle Scholar. A universal history without Latin America written back in can be found in Benjamin, Craig, ‘“But from this time forth history becomes a connected whole”: state expansion and the origins of universal history’, Journal of Global History, 9, 3, 2014, pp. 357–378CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

91 Buck-Morss, Susan, Hegel, Haiti, and universal history, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Note that this work does not cite the coloniality/decoloniality authors.

92 Ibid., p. 109, emphasis in original.

93 Ibid., p. 133.

94 Galeano, , Children, p. 28Google Scholar.

95 In addition to the works cited above, see McNeill, John, Mosquito empires: ecology and war in the greater Caribbean, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gaspar, David and Geggus, David, eds., A turbulent time: the French revolution and the Greater Caribbean, Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997Google Scholar; Dubois, Laurent, The avengers of the New World: the story of the Haitian revolution, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005Google Scholar; and, more recently, Gibson, Carrie, Empire’s crossroads: a history of the Caribbean from Columbus to the present day, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2014Google Scholar.

96 Braudel, Fernand, A history of civilizations, trans. Richard Mayne, London: Penguin, 1993Google Scholar (first published Paris, 1963).

97 Botero, Clara Isabel, El descubrimiento del pasado prehispánico de Colombia: viajeros, arqueólogos y coleccionistas, 1820–1945, Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, 2006Google Scholar; Gänger, Stefanie, ‘Disjunctive circles: modern intellectual culture in Cuzco and the journeys of Incan antiquities, c.1877–1921’, Modern Intellectual History, 10, 2, 2013, pp. 399–414CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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99 See Wallerstein’s, Immanuel reflections on this legacy in World-systems analysis: an introduction, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005Google Scholar.

100 A view of history expressed most influentially in Galeano, Eduardo, Open veins of Latin America: five centuries of the pillage of a continent, London: Siglo XXI, 1973Google Scholar, and Guardiola-Rivera, What if Latin America ruled the world? See the critique by Sanchez-Sibony, Oscar, ‘The rise and fall of the dependency movement: does it inform underdevelopment today?’, Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina, 14, 2, 2003, pp. 32–50Google Scholar.

101 Ferguson, Niall, Empire: how Britain made the modern world, London: Penguin, 2004Google Scholar; Ferguson, Niall, Civilization: the six killer apps of Western power, London: Penguin, 2011Google Scholar.

102 Mejías-López, , The inverted conquest, p. 5Google Scholar.

103 Mignolo, , Darker side, pp. xxviGoogle Scholar, 175.

104 Manning, , Navigating world history, pp. 154–155Google Scholar. These conclusions echo Manning’s call for historians to ‘go out to encounter the world they worry about’ (p. 162).

105 Hopkins, , ‘History of globalization’, p. 19Google Scholar.