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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 July 2019
This article offers the first study of the Cahiers d’Histoire Mondiale, the Journal of World History published under the auspices of UNESCO from 1953 to 1972 as a by-product of the ‘History of mankind’ project. Drawing on material in the UNESCO archives, it delves into what Lucien Febvre, the first editor of the Cahiers, called his ‘kitchen’, in order to understand world history as a practice. Data on author origin and article subject matter point to the journal’s mitigated success in overcoming Eurocentrism. The article ultimately contends that the Cahiers was at once a laboratory that experimented with new forms of relational history, and a forum where the very nature of world history was discussed by scholars from around the world (mainly from the West, but also from the East and the South). It suggests that today’s epistemological discussion on global history might benefit from the reflection offered by this now largely forgotten experiment.
This article started as a workshop held at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. Many thanks to the students who got the research off the ground (Aurélien Bonvoisin, Aurélien Davout, Anne Fauvet, Claudio Felisi, Sergey Ledenev, Solène Levatois, Belinda Missiroli, Vincent Perrot, Laurent Pugnot-Lambert, Olivier Roger, and Aline Waltzing) and to the co-organizers Marie-Bénédicte Vincent and Blaise Wilfert-Portal. Chloé Maurel, Katja Naumann, and Romain Faure shared their expertise early on. We are immensely grateful to the historian Denis Crouzet for affording us access to his father’s papers. The first results were presented at a panel of the Fourth European Congress on World and Global History, held in Paris in 2014. Special thanks are due to Éléonore Chanlat-Bernard and Olivia Pfender for giving papers and for their overall contribution. Charles Paperman invented a way to visualize the data on world regions, and Sarah Abel, Andrew Edwards, and Joseph Gunther helped with editing. For precious insights and guidance, we are grateful to Sven Beckert, Antoine Lilti, Marie Scot, Silvia Sebastiani, and Anne-Marie Chartier. Finally, we thank the JGH editors and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments.
1 McNeill, William H., The rise of the West: a history of the human community, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1963 Google Scholar. For a definition of this ‘new world history’, see Bentley, Jerry H., ‘The task of global history’, in Bentley, Jerry H., ed., The Oxford handbook of world history, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 1–18 Google Scholar. The filiation between McNeill’s work and the Journal of World History created by Bentley is demonstrated in an article by the former in the journal’s first issue: McNeill, William H., ‘“The rise of the West” after twenty-five years’, Journal of World History, 1, 1, 1990, pp. 1–21 Google Scholar.
2 An early proponent of a strong distinction between world and global history was Mazlish, Bruce, ‘Comparing global history to world history’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 28, 3, 1998, pp. 385–95Google Scholar. The Journal of Global History at its outset posited that there was but a ‘subtle difference between the closely related endeavours of global and world history’: see Clarence-Smith, William Gervase, Pomeranz, Kenneth, and Vries, Peer, ‘Editorial’, Journal of Global History, 1, 1, 2006, pp. 1–2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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4 International Commission for a History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind, History of mankind: cultural and scientific development, 6 vols., New York: Harper & Row, 1963–76.Google Scholar The UNESCO project is not mentioned in, for example, Pomeranz, Kenneth and Segal, Daniel A., ‘World history: departures and variations’, in Northrop, Douglas, ed., A companion to world history, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 15–31 Google Scholar. It receives a few lines in Luigi Cajani, ‘Periodization’, in Bentley, Oxford handbook of world history, pp. 67–8.
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7 To avoid any confusion with its successor, we shall henceforth use the French title, abbreviated in notes as CHM.
8 Hodgson, Marshall G. S., ‘The unity of later Islamic history’, CHM, 5, 4, 1960, pp. 879–915 Google Scholar.
9 In an editor’s note in the first issue, Lucien Febvre defined himself as the chef de cuisine of the journal: see Febvre, Lucien, ‘La part du directeur des “Cahiers”’/‘The editor’s role’, CHM, 1, 1, 1953, pp. 198–201 Google Scholar.
10 On the importance of the imperial mindset in the early history of the UN, see Mazower, Mark, The end of empire and the ideological origins of the United Nations, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.Google Scholar For a recent definition of global history, emphasizing the need to ‘overcome Eurocentrism’, see Conrad, Sebastian, What is global history?, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016 Google Scholar.
11 Febvre, Lucien, ‘Avant-propos’/‘Foreword’, CHM, 1, 1, 1953, pp. 6–9 Google Scholar (original translation).
12 For Febvre’s consciousness of a new world order, see Febvre, Lucien, ‘Face au vent: manifeste des Annales nouvelles [À nos lecteurs, à nos amis]’, Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations (henceforth Annales. ESC), 1, 1, 1946, pp. 1–8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and the more nuanced ‘L’histoire, c’est la paix?’, Annales. ESC, 11, 1, 1956, pp. 51–3Google Scholar.
13 For the whole story, see Poul Duedahl’s account in Duedahl, ‘Selling mankind’, pp. 108–21.
14 ‘Rapport de M. Lucien Febvre devant le Conseil International de la Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines. Mai 1949’, CHM, 1, 4, 1954, pp. 954–61 Google Scholar. For the model ‘open’ French history textbook deriving from these ideas, see Febvre, Lucien and Crouzet, François, Nous sommes des sang-mêlés: manuel d’histoire de la civilisation francaise, foreword by Denis, and Crouzet, Elisabeth, Paris: A. Michel, 2012 Google Scholar.
15 Duedahl, ‘Selling mankind’, p. 115.
16 Peake, Cyrus H., review of Ralph Turner, The great cultural traditions, in American Historical Review, 47, 4, 1942, pp. 810–11 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
17 As shown by his letter of acceptance, Febvre assumed the editorship in February 1951, and not in 1952 as stated by Duedahl, ‘Selling mankind’, p. 119. See UNESCO archives, Paris, International Commission for a History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind (hereafter UNESCO, SCHM) 52, Lucien Febvre to Paulo Carneiro, 15 February 1951.
18 Morazé, Charles, Un historien engagé: mémoires, Paris: Fayard, 2007, p. 184.Google Scholar
19 Lucien Febvre, ‘La part du directeur’, pp. 198–201.
20 François Crouzet private papers, Lucien Febvre, ‘La part du directeur’, manuscript version, 11p. This, as far as we know, is the only surviving version of the original text.
21 UNESCO, SCHM 52, Carneiro to Febvre, n.d.
22 UNESCO, SCHM 52, Febvre to Carneiro, 22 July 1953.
23 Febvre, Lucien, ‘Sur une nouvelle collection d’histoire’, Annales. ESC, 9, 1, 1954, pp. 1–6.Google Scholar This footnote was marked with red by Guy S. Métraux, Secretary General to the Commission, who deplored the ‘negative impact [it had had] on the opinion of French historians’ (UNESCO, SCHM 54, Press clippings).
24 UNESCO, SCHM 19, Ralph E. Turner to Guy S. Métraux, 9 June 1952.
25 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Title page project, n.d. Initially, Turner had planned on twelve languages, the plate ‘illustrating a cultural object – statue, building, painting, etc. – from a culture whose name is not in this title’ (UNESCO, SCHM 19, Turner to Métraux, 9 June 1952)Google Scholar. He then submitted a simplified project with the trilingual title ‘HISTOIRE MONDIALE/WORLD HISTORY/HISTORIA MUNDI’ (François Crouzet private papers, Paris, François Crouzet to Febvre, 30 September 1952)Google Scholar.
26 UNESCO, SCHM 19, Turner to Métraux, 9 June 1952 Google Scholar.
27 François Crouzet private papers, Lucien Febvre, ‘Note pour M. Laurent’, n.d. All translations from French to English are ours, unless otherwise stated.
28 François Crouzet private papers, Crouzet on behalf of Febvre to fourteen French scholars, ‘Partie commune de toutes les lettres à envoyer à des destinataires français’, n.d. See also Febvre, Lucien to Berr, Henri, 17 April 1953, in Febvre, Lucien, Lettres à Henri Berr (1911–1954), Paris: Fayard, 1997, p. 617 Google Scholar.
29 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Turner to Métraux, 19 January 1953, as quoted in Métraux to Carneiro, 30 June 1953. On Turner’s duties at the Rockefeller Foundation, see UNESCO, SCHM 1, Métraux to Carneiro, 5 May 1953 Google Scholar.
30 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Métraux to Carneiro, 30 June 1953 Google Scholar.
31 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Ralph E. Turner, memorandum, ‘Recommendations for completing A scientific and cultural history of mankind’, 14 December 1953.
32 Halecki, O., ‘The place of Christendom in the history of mankind’, CHM, 1, 4, 1954, pp. 927–50 Google Scholar.
33 For a detailed account, see Mulcahy, Richard P., ‘The dark side of the cathedral of learning: the Turner case’, Western Pennsylvania History, 69, 1, 1 January 1986, pp. 37–53 Google Scholar. On the criticism levelled by the Catholic press at the UNESCO project, see Betts, ‘Humanity’s new heritage’. For a positive account of the Cahiers in the Catholic press, on the other hand, see Beales, A. C. F., ‘UNESCO’s world history: a project taking more satisfactory shape’, The Tablet, 9 April 1955, pp. 347–8Google Scholar.
34 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Métraux to Carneiro, 7 July 1953. The problem in fact was with five articles, four of which had been commissioned by Turner, plus Halecki’s article. Eventually, only two, including Halecki’s, were published.
35 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Métraux to Carneiro, 5 April 1954 Google Scholar.
36 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Carneiro to Turner, 13 January 1954 Google Scholar.
37 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Métraux to author-editors, ‘Proposed contributions for Journal of World History’, 8 March 1954 Google Scholar.
38 Febvre, Lucien, ‘Préface’, CHM, 3, 1, 1956, pp. 13–16 Google Scholar.
39 UNESCO, SCHM 52, Métraux to Carneiro, 31 October 1961.
40 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Federico Chabod to Carneiro, 6 August 1957.
41 UNESCO, SCHM 1, ‘Proposition concernant les Cahiers d’histoire mondiale’, 28 February 1958 Google Scholar.
42 Ibid .
43 UNESCO, SCHM 69, Métraux to Ralph H. Gabriel, 26 June 1963.
44 UNESCO, SCHM 53, Gerard Wendt to Métraux, 31 March 1965.
45 ‘Troisième rapport du président de la Commission Internationale…’, CHM, 2, 1, 1954, pp. 225–44Google Scholar.
46 UNESCO, SCHM 2, Métraux to Turner, 22 October 1954.
47 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Draft of the contract between the Commission and the Librarie des Méridiens, 21 May 1953. See also UNESCO, SCHM 50, Librarie des Méridiens balance sheet, 31 July 1954; and UNESCO, SCHM 2, Métraux to Turner, 22 October 1954.
48 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Guy Métraux, Report on the Journal of World History, February 1955 Google Scholar.
49 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Draft of contract between the Commission and Éditions de La Baconnière, January 1955.
50 François Crouzet private papers, Crouzet to Prof. Neugebauer, 4 January 1953; UNESCO, SCHM 44, Contract between the Commission and Louis Gardet, 20 May 1955.
51 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Financial position as at 31 December 1955.
52 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Métraux to Carneiro, 22 October 1953. Morazé, quoted by Métraux, had mentioned a yearly FF300,000, i.e. US$850. Métraux considered this to be excessive, in view of the usual UNESCO translation rates.
53 UNESCO, SCHM 53, Corbaz printer sales department representative to Hermann Hauser, director of La Baconnière, 27 January 1961. See also UNESCO, SCHM 2, Report of activities 1965.
54 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Métraux to a corresponding member, n.d. (c.1954).
55 W. C. S. to Métraux, 22 October 1955, quoted in UNESCO, SCHM 1, ‘Report of Activities. July–December 1955’.
56 UNESCO, SCHM 1, ‘Note sur les Cahiers d’histoire mondiale’, 17 May 1957. La Baconnière had achieved international recognition at the end of the Second World War by publishing the famous journal Cahiers du Rhône.
57 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Clipping of an advertisement for the Cahiers d’Histoire Mondiale.
58 UNESCO, SCHM 2, ‘Rapport d’activités juillet–décembre 1959’.
59 UNESCO, SCHM 53, Hauser to Métraux, 22 September 1968.
60 These figures represent the maximum number of commercial subscriptions in each country, respectively for volumes 10 (USA), 1 (France), and 10 (Germany).
61 These figures have been collected online from the collective catalogue of French libraries (https://ccfr.bnf.fr/).
62 François Crouzet private papers, Febvre, ‘La part du directeur’, manuscript version.
63 Ibid .
64 Berger, Stefan, ‘From the search for normality to the search for normality: German historical writing’, in Schneider, Axel and Woold, Daniel, eds., The Oxford history of historical writing, vol. 5: historical writing since 1945, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 220–42Google Scholar.
65 Conze, Werner, ‘En Europe Centrale: l’émancipation des paysans d’après de récents travaux (traduit de l’allemand)’, CHM, 1, 1, 1953, pp. 179–94Google Scholar. On the Ostforschung, see Burleigh, Michael, Germany turns eastwards: a study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988 Google Scholar. For Conze’s implication in the Third Reich, see Aly, Götz, ‘Theodor Schieder, Werner Conze, oder die Vorstufen der physischen Vernichtung’, in Schulze, Winfried and Oexle, Otto Gerhard, eds., Deutsche Historiker im Nationalsozialismus, Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1999, pp. 163–82 Google Scholar. For more on this debate, see Jarausch, Konrad H., ‘Unasked question: the controversy about Nazi collaboration among German historians’, in Diefendorf, Jeffry and Weiss, Theodore Zev, eds., New currents in Holocaust research: lessons and legacies VI, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2004, pp. 190–208 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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67 Febvre, ‘Préface’.
68 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Métraux to Carneiro, 12 May 1956.
69 CHM unnumbered special issue ‘Contributions à l’histoire russe’ (1958); and ‘Soviet scholars in the twentieth century’, CHM, 12, 1–2, 1970 Google Scholar.
70 The contribution of Chinese scholars from Beijing’s Academia Sinica planned for 1956 never materialized (UNESCO, SCHM 52, Métraux to Febvre, 6 March 1956).
71 On post-war Japanese historiography, see Conrad, Sebastian, The quest for the lost nation: writing history in Germany and Japan in the American century, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010 Google Scholar. On the Kyoto school, see Davis, Bret W., ‘The Kyoto school’, in Zalta, Edward N., ed., The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, Winter 2014 edition, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/kyoto-school/ (consulted 19 March 2019)Google Scholar. On the Chūōkōron discussions, see Horio, Tsutomu, ‘The Chūōkōron discussions, their background and meaning’, in Heisig, James W. and Maraldo, John C., eds., Rude awakenings: Zen, the Kyoto school, & the question of nationalism, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1995, pp. 289–315 Google Scholar. On the enthusiasm for UNESCO among the Japanese authorities, see Saikawa, Takashi, ‘Returning to the international community: UNESCO and post-war Japan, 1945–1951’, in Duedahl, Poul, ed., A history of UNESCO: global actions and impacts, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, pp. 116–30 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
72 Mukherjee, Supriya, ‘Indian historical writing since 1947’, in Schneider, and Woold, , Oxford history of historical writing, vol. 5, pp. 515–38Google Scholar.
73 For the over-representation of ancient Indian history, see the table of contents of the special issue on India, CHM, 6, 2, 1960. For the negative view of the Muslim element, see Chopra, P. N., ‘Rencontre de l’Inde et de l’Islam’, CHM, 6, 2, 1960, pp. 370–9Google Scholar. For an opposing view, see Ahmad, Aziz, ‘Dar Al-Islam and the Muslim kingdoms of Deccan and Gujarat’, CHM, 7, 3, 1962, pp. 787–93Google Scholar; and Ahmad, Aziz, ‘Approaches to history in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Muslim India’, CHM, 9, 4, 1965, pp. 987–1008 Google Scholar.
74 ‘Editorial note’, CHM, 6, 2, 1960, p. 209 Google Scholar.
75 UNESCO, SCHM 51, Métraux to R. C. Majumdar, 2 August 1960.
76 UNESCO, SCHM 51, Crouzet to Hauser, 21 October 1960.
77 UNESCO, SCHM 51, Métraux to Zavala, 10 May 1963.
78 Busia, Kofi A., ‘West Africa in the twentieth century’, CHM, 4, 1, 1957, pp. 203–17Google Scholar; and Okigbo, Pius, ‘Factors in West African economic history’, CHM, 4, 1, 1957, pp. 218–30Google Scholar. On the History of Africa, see Maurel, Chloé, ‘L’histoire générale de l’Afrique de l’UNESCO’, Cahiers d’Études Africaines, 215, 2014, pp. 715–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
79 François Crouzet private papers, Febvre, ‘La part du directeur’, manuscript version.
80 See, for example, Gerhardsen, G. M., ‘Fishery developments in the 20th century’, CHM, 4, 4, 1958, pp. 985–1008 Google Scholar; Spirkin, A. G., ‘The origin of language’, CHM, 5, 2, 1959, pp. 293–309 Google Scholar.
81 Because titles are not always specific enough, we relied upon distant reading. On the pitfalls of limiting the analysis to titles, see Cohen, Deborah and Mandler, Peter, ‘The History Manifesto: a critique’, American Historical Review, 120, 2, 2015, pp. 530–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Lemercier, Claire, ‘La longue durée: une histoire sans histoire?’, Devenir historien-ne, http://devhist.hypotheses.org/2729 (consulted 11 November 2016)Google Scholar.
82 Verlinden, Charles, ‘Les origines coloniales de la civilisation atlantique: antécédents et types de structure’, CHM, 1, 2, 1953, pp. 378–98Google Scholar.
83 This is the case for eighty-three articles. Since many of them deal with the history of science, not taking them into account probably still slightly underestimates the weight of Europe, since they generally deal mainly with western Europe and North America.
84 See, for example, Yabuuchi, Kiyoshi, ‘The development of the sciences in China from the 4th to the end of the 12th century’, CHM, 4, 2, 1958, pp. 330–47Google Scholar; or Majumdar, R. C., ‘Scientific spirit in ancient India’, CHM, 6, 2, 1960, pp. 265–73Google Scholar.
85 UNESCO, SCHM 52, Carneiro to Febvre, 20 November 1953.
86 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Métraux to Carneiro, 6 October 1953; UNESCO, SCHM 51, Métraux to Laurent, 7 April 1953.
87 Febvre, Lucien, ‘Note’, CHM, 1, 4, 1954, p. 988 Google Scholar.
88 UNESCO, SCHM 53, Métraux to Carneiro, 2 December 1953.
89 ‘Définition et but des Cahiers (texte officiel)’, CHM, 1, 1, 1953, p. 10 Google Scholar.
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91 UNESCO, SCHM 18, Ralph E. Turner, Working paper 1, 1950–51.
92 Ibid .
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94 UNESCO, SCHM 19, Turner to Métraux, 2 February 1953.
95 UNESCO, SCHM 18, Turner, Ralph E., ‘Mankind from a new summit: writing history with a global slant’, Saturday Review, 5 April 1952, pp. 9–10, 35–6Google Scholar.
96 UNESCO, SCHM 19, Turner to Métraux, 9 June 1952.
97 UNESCO, SCHM 52, Métraux to Febvre, 6 March 1956.
98 UNESCO, SCHM 52, Febvre to Métraux, 12 March 1956.
99 UNESCO, SCHM 2, Confidential report from Morazé to Carneiro, 16 October 1953.
100 See Zhukov, Y. M., ‘A ten-volume “World history” in preparation in the U.S.S.R.’, CHM, 2, 2, 1954, pp. 489–93Google Scholar.
101 Duedahl, ‘Selling mankind’; Porter, ‘Endnote to history’. For a more general overview of the Soviets’ participation in UNESCO, see Gaiduk, Ilya V., ‘L’Union soviétique et l’UNESCO pendant la guerre froide’, in 60 ans d’histoire de l’UNESCO, Paris: UNESCO, 2007 Google Scholar.
102 Febvre, ‘Préface’, p. 15. Soviet scholars’ participation in the Cahiers has tended to go unnoticed. See Porter, ‘Endnote to history’, p. 24.
103 Hodgson, Marshall G. S., ‘Hemispheric interregional history as an approach to world history’, CHM, 1, 3, 1954, pp. 715–23Google Scholar.
104 Zhukov, Y. M., ‘Des principes d’une “Histoire universelle”’, CHM, 3, 2, 1956, pp. 527–35Google Scholar.
105 Hodgson, Marshall G. S., ‘Mezhregional’naia istoriia polusharii kak metod izucheniia mirovoi istorii’, Vestnik istorii mirovoi kul’tury, 1, 1, 1957, pp. 9–16 Google Scholar, cited in Porter ‘Endnote to history’, p. 26.
106 Hodgson, ‘Hemispheric interregional history’, p. 722.
107 Ibid ., p. 716.
108 Zhukov, ‘Des principes d’une “Histoire universelle”’, p. 528.
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111 For an example of the former, see Rojkoff, M. V., ‘Le commerce de la Russie avec l’Asie Centrale dans les années 60 du XIXe siècle’, CHM, 9, 4, 1965, pp. 953–86Google Scholar; for an example of the latter, see Demiéville, Paul, ‘La pénétration du bouddhisme dans la tradition philosophique chinoise’, CHM, 3, 1, 1956, p. 19–38 Google Scholar, considered in a relational nature, even though only one geographic entity (China) is explicit in the title.
112 Lewis, Bernard, ‘The impact of the French Revolution on Turkey’, CHM, 1, 1, 1953, pp. 105–25Google Scholar; Henri, Laurent Pierre, ‘Antwerp versus Bremen: transatlantic steamship diplomacy and European port rivalry, 1839–1846’, CHM, 9, 4, 1965, pp. 938–52Google Scholar; Mintz, Sidney, ‘The Caribbean as a socio-cultural area’, CHM, 9, 4, 1965, pp. 912–37Google Scholar; Mollat, Michel, ‘Les relations de l’Afrique de l’Est avec l’Asie: essai de position de quelques problèmes historiques’, CHM, 13, 2, 1971, pp. 291–316 Google Scholar; Loehr, George R., ‘The sinicization of missionary artists and their work at the Manchu court during the XVIIIth century’, CHM, 7, 3, 1962, pp. 795–816 Google Scholar.
113 For instance, Entralgo, Pablo Laín and Piñero, José María López, ‘The Spanish contribution to world science’, CHM 6, 4, 1960, pp. 948–68Google Scholar.
114 Circulation, though a key concept in global history today, was not used. See Gänger, Stefanie, ‘Circulation: reflections on circularity, entity, and liquidity in the language of global history’, Journal of Global History, 12, 2017, pp. 303–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
115 Pocock, D. F., ‘Notes on the interaction of English and Indian thought in the 19th century’, CHM, 4, 4, 1958, pp. 833–48Google Scholar.
116 Masaaki, Kosaka, ‘The aggressive influence of the Occident on Japanese culture’, CHM, 5, 4, 1960, pp. 915–28Google Scholar; Little, K., ‘African culture and the Western intrusion’, CHM, 3, 4, 1957, pp. 941–64Google Scholar.
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119 Latour, Bruno, Science in action: how to follow scientists and engineers through society, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987 Google Scholar.
120 See the summary of Febvre’s post-war activity in Burke, Peter, The French historical revolution: the Annales school, 1929–89, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 31 Google Scholar. See also the standard work, Müller, Bertrand, Lucien Febvre: lecteur et critique, Paris: A. Michel, 2003.Google Scholar For an interesting discussion of Febvre’s perspective on global history, see Lilti, Antoine, ‘L’impossible histoire globale: parcours de la civilisation’, in Lilti, Antoine, Loriga, Sabina, Schaub, Jean-Frédéric, and Sebastiani, Silvia, eds., L’expérience historiographique: autour de Jacques Revel, Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 2016, pp. 181–99Google Scholar.
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