Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T21:06:23.165Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Licensing Case

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 September 2006

Susi Wurmbrand
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut

Abstract

This paper provides evidence that nominative arguments in German and Icelandic not only can be analyzed as remaining in the VP overtly, but that in some constructions these arguments remain internal to VP at all levels of representation, including LF. The paper reviews a variety of recent proposals for Case licensing and argues that only the Agree model (Chomsky 2000) provides for a unified account. Specifically, it is argued that languages such as German lack any syntactic or phonological requirement that SpecTP be filled (that is, the EPP is not universal). In addition, empirical arguments are provided against theories invoking Case transmission and null expletives. Although German lacks the EPP, arguments are also provided that German does have TP and related functional projections.I would like to thank Elena Anagnostopoulou, Jonathan Bobaljik, Željko Bošković, Christine Czinglar, Kleanthes Grohmann, Jóhannes Gísli Jónsson, Winnie Lechner, Friedrich Neubarth, David Pesetsky, Martin Prinzhorn, Norvin Richards, Uli Sauerland, Arnim von Stechow, Hubert Truckenbrodt, Martina Wiltschko, Leo Bobaljik Wurmbrand, Kazuko Yatsushiro, and two reviewers for discussions and comments on various parts of this paper. I am also grateful for the feedback from the audiences at WCCFL 20, PLC 25, NELS 33, Österreichische Linguistiktagung (Innsbruck), GLOW 24 and 26, CUNY, Harvard, Tübingen, and McGill, and to the University of Connecticut students attending my Spring 2006 seminar.

Type
ARTICLES
Copyright
© 2006 Society for Germanic Linguistics

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abels Klaus. 2003. Successive cyclicity, anti-locality, and adposition stranding. Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Aissen Judith, and David Perlmutter. 1983. Clause reduction in Spanish. Studies in Relational Grammar 1, ed. by David Perlmutter, 360403. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Alexiadou Artemis, and Elena Anagnostopoulou. 1998. Parametrizing AGR: Word order, V-movement, and EPP-checking. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16. 491539.Google Scholar
Alexiadou Artemis, and Elena Anagnostopoulou. 2001. The subject-in-situ generalization and the role of case in driving computations. Linguistic Inquiry 32. 193231.Google Scholar
Anagnostopoulou Elena. 2003. The syntax of ditransitives: Evidence from clitics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Bailyn John Frederick. 2001. On Scrambling: A Reply to Bošković and Takahashi. Linguistic Inquiry 32. 635658.Google Scholar
Barss Andrew. 1986. Chains and anaphoric dependence: On reconstruction and its implications. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Béjar Susana, and Milan Rezac. To appear. Cyclic agree and the derivation of PCC effects. Selected papers from LSRL XXXII. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bennis Hans. 1986. Gaps and dummies. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Besten Hans den. 1982. Some remarks on the ergative hypothesis. Groninger Arbeiten zur Germanistischen Linguistik 21. 6182. Groningen, University of Groningen, GAGL.
Besten Hans den. 1985a. The ergative hypothesis and free word order in Dutch and German. Studies in German grammar, ed. by Jindrich Toman, 2364. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Besten Hans den. 1985b. Some remarks on the ergative hypothesis. Erklärende Syntax des Deutschen, ed. by Werner Abraham, 5374. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Bobaljik Jonathan David. 1995. Morphosyntax: The syntax of verbal inflection. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Bobaljik Jonathan David. 2002. A-chains at the PF-interface: Copies and “covert” movement. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 20. 197267.Google Scholar
Bobaljik Jonathan David, and Dianne Jonas. 1996. Subject positions and the roles of TP. Linguistic Inquiry 27. 195236.Google Scholar
Bobaljik Jonathan David, and öskuldur Thráinsson. 1998. Two heads aren't always better than one. Syntax 1. 3771.Google Scholar
Bobaljik Jonathan David, and Susi Wurmbrand. 2004. Anti-reconstruction effects are anti-reconstruction effects. Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association (CLA), ed. by Sophie Burelle and Stanca Somesfalean, 1325. Montréal, Québec: Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de linguistique et de didactique des langues.
Bobaljik Jonathan David, and Susi Wurmbrand. 2005. The domain of agreement. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 23. 809865.Google Scholar
Bobaljik Jonathan David, and Susi Wurmbrand. To appear. Complex predicates, aspect, and anti-reconstruction. Journal of East Asian Linguistics. Boeckx, Cedric. 2000. Quirky agreement. Studia Linguistica 54. 354380.Google Scholar
Breckenridge Janet. 1975. The post-cyclicity of es-insertion in German. Papers from the 11th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (CLS 11), 8191. Chicago: University of Chicago, Chicago Linguistic Society.
Bruening Benjamin. 2001. QR obeys superiority: Frozen scope and ACD. Linguistic Inquiry 32. 233273.Google Scholar
Cardinaletti Anna. 1990. Es, pro, and sentential arguments in German. Linguistische Berichte 126. 135164.Google Scholar
Chomsky Noam. 1981. Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Chomsky Noam. 1989. Some notes on economy of derivation and representation. Functional heads and clause structure (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 10), ed. by Itziar Laka and Anoop Mahajan, 4374. Cambridge, MA: MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy.
Chomsky Noam. 1991. Some notes on the economy of derivation and representations. Principles and parameters in comparative grammar, ed. by Robert Freidin, 417454. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries: The framework. Step by step: Essays on minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik, ed. by Roger Martin, David Michaels, and Juan Uriagereka, 89155. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Conradie Simone. 2005. Verb movement parameters in Afrikaans: Investigating the Full Transfer Full Access Hypothesis. Doctoral dissertation, McGill University.
Diesing Molly. 1992. Indefinites. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dikken Marcel den. 1995. Binding, expletives and levels. Linguistic Inquiry 26. 347354.Google Scholar
Déprez Viviane. 1989. On the typology of syntactic projections and the nature of chains: Move-a to the specifier of functional projections. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
É. Kiss Katalin, and Henk van Riemsdijk, eds. 2004. Verb clusters: A study of Hungarian, German, and Dutch. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Fanselow Gisbert. 1991a. Minimale syntax. Groninger Arbeiten zur Germanistischen Linguistik 32. Groningen, University of Groningen.
Fanselow Gisbert. 1991b. On the nature of proper government and syntactic barriers. Issues in Germanic syntax, ed. by Werner Abraham, Wim Kosmeijer, and Eric Reuland, 3348. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fanselow Gisbert. 1993. Die Rückkehr der Basisgenerierer. Groninger Arbeiten zur Germanistischen Linguistik 36. 174. Groningen, University of Groningen, GAGL.
Fanselow Gisbert, and Anoop Mahajan. 2000. Partial movement and successive cyclicity. Wh-scope marking, ed. by Uli Lutz, Gereon Müller, and Arnim von Stechow, 195230. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Frey Werner. 1989. Syntaktische Bedingungen für die Interpretation. Doctoral dissertation, University of Stuttgart.
Frey Werner. 1993. Syntaktische Bedingungen für die semantische Repräsentation: Über Bindung, implizite Argumente und Skopus. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Grewendorf Günther. 1988. Aspekte der deutschen Syntax. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Grewendorf Günther. 1989. Ergativity in German. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Grewendorf Günther. 1990. Small pro in German. Scrambling and barriers, ed. by Günther Grewendorf and Wolfgang Sternefeld, 295315. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Haeberli Eric. 2002. Features, categories and the syntax of A-positions. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Haegeman Liliane. 1994. Verb raising as verb projection raising: Some empirical problems. Linguistic Inquiry 25. 509522.Google Scholar
Haegeman Liliane, and Henk van Riemsdijk. 1986. Verb projection raising, scope, and the typology of rules affecting verbs. Linguistic Inquiry 17. 417466.Google Scholar
Haider Hubert. 1985a. The case of German. Studies in German grammar, ed. by Jindrich Toman, 65101. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Haider Hubert. 1985b. A unified account of case- and theta-marking: The case of German. Papiere zur Linguistik 32. 336.Google Scholar
Haider Hubert. 1990. Topicalization and other puzzles of German syntax. Scrambling and barriers, ed. by Günther Grewendorf and Wolfgang Sternefeld, 93112. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Haider Hubert. 1991. Null subjects and expletives in Romance and Germanic languages. Issues in Germanic syntax, ed. by Werner Abraham, Wim Kosmeijer, and Eric Reuland, 4966. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Haider Hubert. 1993. Deutsche Syntax—Generativ. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Haider Hubert. 2001. How to stay accusative in Insular Germanic. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 68. 114. Lund, Lund University, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
Haider Hubert. 2003. V-clustering and clause union: Causes and effects. Verb constructions in German and Dutch, ed. by Pieter Seuren and Gerard Kempen, 91126. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Haider Hubert. 2005. How to turn German into Icelandic—and derive the OV-VO contrasts. Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 8. 156.Google Scholar
Haider Hubert. 2006. Mittelfeld phenomena. The Blackwell companion to syntax, ed. by Martin Everaert and Henk van Riemsdijk, 204274. Oxford: Blackwell.
Haider Hubert, and Inger Rosengren. 2003. Scrambling: Non-triggered chain formation in OV languages. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 15. 203267.Google Scholar
Hiraiwa Ken. 2001. EPP and object shift in the Scandinavian languages. Paper presented at the 16th Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop, McGill University, Montréal, Québec.
Hoekstra Teun. 1984. Government and the distribution of sentential complementation in Dutch. Sentential complementation (Proceedings of the international conference held at UFSAL, Brussels June 1983), ed. by Wim de Geest and Yvan Putsey, 105116. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Holmberg Anders. 2000. Scandinavian stylistic fronting: How any category can become an expletive. Linguistic Inquiry 31. 445483.Google Scholar
Holmberg Anders. 2006. Stylistic fronting. The Blackwell companion to syntax, ed. by Martin Everaert and Henk van Riemsdijk, 532565. Oxford: Blackwell.
Holmberg Anders, and Thorhjörg Hróarsdóttir. 2003. Agreement and movement in Icelandic raising constructions. Lingua 113. 9971019.Google Scholar
Jackendoff Ray. 1972. Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Johnson Kyle. 1991. Object positions. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 9. 577636.Google Scholar
Jonas Dianne. 1996. Clause structure and verb syntax in Scandinavian and English. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
Jonas Dianne, and Jonathan David Bobaljik. 1993. Specs for subjects: The role of TP in Icelandic. Papers on case and agreement I (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 18), ed. by Jonathan David Bobaljik and Colin Phillips, 5998. Cambridge, MA: MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy.
Jónsson Jóhannes Gísli. 1996. Clausal architecture and case in Icelandic. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Jónsson Jóhannes Gísli. 1991. Stylistic fronting in Icelandic. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 48. 143. Lund, Lund University, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
Koeneman Olaf. 2000. The flexible nature of verb movement. Doctoral dissertation, University of Utrecht.
Koster Jan. 1987. Domains and dynasties: The radical autonomy of syntax. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Krifka Manfred. 1998. Scope inversion under the rise-fall contour in German. Linguistic Inquiry 29. 75112.Google Scholar
Ladd Robert. 1980. The structure of intonational meaning: Evidence from English. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Ladd Robert. 1996. Intonational phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lechner Winfried. 1996. On semantic and syntactic reconstruction. Wiener Linguistische Gazette 5759, 63100. University of Vienna.
Lechner Winfried. 1998. Two kinds of reconstruction. Studia Linguistica 52. 276310.Google Scholar
Lenerz Jürgen. 1985. Zur Theorie syntaktischen Wandels: Das expletive es in der Geschichte des Deutschen. Erklärende Syntax des Deutschen, ed. by Werner Abraham, 99136. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Mahajan Anoop. 1989. Agreement and agreement phrases. Functional heads and clause structure (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 10), ed. by Itziar Laka and Anoop Mahajan, 217252. Cambridge, MA: MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy.
Maling Joan, and Annie Zaenen. 1978. The nonuniversality of a surface filter. Linguistic Inquiry 9. 475497.Google Scholar
Marantz Alec. 1991. Case and licensing. Proceedings of the Eighth Eastern States Conference on Linguistics (ESCOL 1991), ed. by German Westphal, Benjamin Ao, and Hee-Rahk Chae, 234253. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, CLC Publications.
Meurers Walt Detmar. 1999. Raising spirits (and assigning them case). Groninger Arbeiten zur Germanistischen Linguistik 43, ed. by Werner Abraham, 173226. Groningen, University of Groningen, GAGL.
Meurers Walt Detmar. 2000. Lexical generalizations in the syntax of German non-finite constructions. Doctoral dissertation, University of Tübingen.
Müller Gereon, and Wolfgang Sternefeld. 1994. Scrambling as A-bar movement. Studies on scrambling: Movement and non-movement approaches to free word-order phenomena, ed. by Norbert Corver and Henk van Riemsdijk, 331385. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Rezac Milan. 2004. Elements of cyclic syntax: Agree and Merge. Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto.
Rizzi Luigi. 1978. A restructuring rule in Italian syntax. Recent transformational studies in European languages, ed. by Samuel Jay Keyser, 113158. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Robbers Karin. 1997. Non-finite verbal complements in Afrikaans: A comparative approach. Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
Roberts Ian, and Anna Roussou. 2002. The extended projection principle as a condition on the tense dependency. Subjects, expletives, and the EPP, ed. by Peter Svenonius, 125155. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Safir Kenneth. 1985a. Missing subjects in German. Studies in German grammar, ed. by Jindrich Toman, 193229. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Safir Kenneth. 1985b. Syntactic chains. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sauerland Uli. 1998. Scope reconstruction without reconstruction. Proceedings of the 17th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 17), ed. by Kimary Shahin, Susan Blake, and Eun-Sook Kim, 582597. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Sauerland Uli, and Paul Elbourne. 2002. Total reconstruction, PF movement, and derivational order. Linguistic Inquiry 33. 283319.Google Scholar
Sigur∂sson Halldór Ármann. 1989. Verbal syntax and case in Icelandic in a comparative GB approach. Doctoral dissertation, University of Lund.
Sigur∂sson Halldór Ármann. 1993. Agreement as head-visible feature-government. Studia Linguistica 47. 3256.Google Scholar
Sigur∂sson Halldór Ármann. 1996. Icelandic finite verb agreement. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 57, 146. Lund, Lund University, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
Sigur∂sson Halldór Ármann. 2000. The locus of Case and agreement. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 65. 65108. Lund, Lund University, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
Sternefeld Wolfgang. 1985. On case and binding theory. Studies in German grammar, ed. by Jindrich Toman, 231285. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Sternefeld Wolfgang. 1995. Voice phrases and their specifiers. FAS Papers in Linguistics 3. 4885. Berlin: Forschungsschwerpunkt Allgemeine Spachwissenschaft.
Thráinsson Höskuldur. 1979. On complementation in Icelandic. New York: Garland.
Thráinsson Höskuldur. 1986. On auxiliaries, AUX and VPs in Icelandic. Topics in Scandinavian syntax, ed. by Lars Hellan and Kirsti Koch Christensen, 235265. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Vangsnes Øystein Alexander. 1998. Icelandic expletive constructions and the distribution of subject types. Doctoral dissertation, University of Bergen.
Vikner Sten. 1995. Verb movement and expletive subjects in the Germanic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Webelhuth Gert. 1989. Syntactic saturation phenomena and the modern Germanic languages. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Wurmbrand Susi. 2001. Infinitives: Restructuring and clause structure. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Wurmbrand Susi. 2004a. No-TP-fronting meets nearly headless nick. Ms., University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Wurmbrand Susi. 2004b. West Germanic verb clusters: The empirical domain. Verb clusters: A study of Hungarian, German, and Dutch, ed. by Katalin É. Kiss and Henk van Riemsdijk, 4385. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Wurmbrand Susi. 2006. Verb clusters, verb raising, and restructuring. The Blackwell companion to syntax, ed. by Martin Everaert and Henk van Riemsdijk, 227341. Oxford: Blackwell.
Wurmbrand Susi. To appear. How complex are complex predicates? Syntax.
Zaenen Anne, Maling Joan and Höskuldur Thráinsson. 1985. Case and grammatical functions: The Icelandic passive. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3. 441483.Google Scholar
Zwart C. Jan-Wouter. 2001. Object shift with raising verbs. Linguistic Inquiry 32. 547554.Google Scholar