Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T23:56:24.700Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The sources of jet noise: experimental evidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 November 2008

CHRISTOPHER K. W. TAM ,
K. VISWANATHAN ,
K. K. AHUJA  and
J. PANDA
CHRISTOPHER K. W. TAM
Affiliation:
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4510, [email protected]
K. VISWANATHAN
Affiliation:
The Boeing Company, Seattle, WA 98124, USA
K. K. AHUJA
Affiliation:
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0844, USA
J. PANDA
Affiliation:
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The primary objective of this investigation is to determine experimentally the sources of jet mixing noise. In the present study, four different approaches are used. It is reasonable to assume that the characteristics of the noise sources are imprinted on their radiation fields. Under this assumption, it becomes possible to analyse the characteristics of the far-field sound and then infer back to the characteristics of the sources. The first approach is to make use of the spectral and directional information measured by a single microphone in the far field. A detailed analysis of a large collection of far-field noise data has been carried out. The purpose is to identify special characteristics that can be linked directly to those of the sources. The second approach is to measure the coherence of the sound field using two microphones. The autocorrelations and cross-correlations of these measurements offer not only valuable information on the spatial structure of the noise field in the radial and polar angle directions, but also on the sources inside the jet. The third approach involves measuring the correlation between turbulence fluctuations inside a jet and the radiated noise in the far field. This is the most direct and unambiguous way of identifying the sources of jet noise. In the fourth approach, a mirror microphone is used to measure the noise source distribution along the lengths of high-speed jets. Features and trends observed in noise source strength distributions are expected to shed light on the source mechanisms. It will be shown that all four types of data indicate clearly the existence of two distinct noise sources in jets. One source of noise is the fine-scale turbulence and the other source is the large turbulence structures of the jet flow. Some of the salient features of the sound field associated with the two noise sources are reported in this paper.

Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 615 , 25 November 2008 , pp. 253 - 292
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Atvars, J., Schubert, L. H. & Ribner, H. S. 1965 Refraction of sound from a point source placed in an air jet. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 168–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogey, C. & Bailly, C. 2005 Investigation of sound sources in subsonic jets using causality methods on LES data. AIAA Paper 2005–2885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G. L. & Roshko, A. 1974 On density effects and large structures in turbulent mixing layers. J. Fluid Mech. 64, 775–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, W. T. & Kaplan, R. E. 1976 Use of a spherical concave reflector for jet noise source distribution diagnostics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 1268–1277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, S. C. & Champagne, F. H. 1971 Orderly structures in jet turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 48, 547–591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, M. D. & Papamoschou, D. 2000 Analytical predictions and measurements of the noise radiated from supersonic coaxial jets. AIAA J. 38, 584–591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doak, P. E. 1960 Acoustic radiation from a turbulent fluid containing foreign bodies. Pro. R. Soc. Lond. A 254, 129–145.Google Scholar
Ffowcs-Williams, J. E. 1963 The noise from turbulence convected at high speed. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 255, 469–503.Google Scholar
Goldstein, M. E. 2003 A Generalized acoustic analogy. J. Fluid Mech. 488, 315–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, M. E. & Rosenbaum, B. M. 1973 Effect of anisotropic turbulence on aerodynamic noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 630–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hileman, J., Thurow, B. & Samimy, M. 2003 Exploring noise sources using simultaneous acoustic measurements and real-time flow visualization in jets. AIAA J. 40, 2382–2392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hileman, J., Thurow, B. & Samimy, M. 2004 Development and evaluation of a 3-D microphone array to locate individual acoustic sources in a high-speed jet. J. Sound Vib. 276, 649–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hileman, J.Caraballo, E., Thurow, B. & Samimy, M. 2005 Large-scale structure evolution and sound emission in high-speed jets: real-time visualization with simultaneous acoustic measurements. J. Fluid Mech. 544, 277–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, C. & Thomas, R. H. 2003 Development of a jet noise prediction method for installed jet configuration AIAA Paper 2003–3169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurdle, P. M., Meecham, W. C. & Hodder, B. K. 1974 Investigation of the aerodynamic noise generating region of a jet engine by means of the simple source fluid dilatation model. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 1708–1721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khavaran, A.Krejsa, E. A. & Kim, C. M. 1994 Computation of supersonic jet mixing noise from an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle. J. Aircraft 31, 603–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopiev, V. F., Chernyshev, S. A., Zaitsev, M. Y. & Kuznetsav, V. M. 2006 Experimental validation of instability wave theory for round supersonic jet. AIAA Paper 2006–2595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laufer, J., Schlinker, R. H. & Kaplan, R. E. 1976 Experiments on supersonic jet noise. AIAA J. 14, 489–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, H. K. & Ribner, H. S. 1972 Direct correlation of noise and flow of a jet. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 52, 1280–1290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lighthill, M. J. 1952 On sound generated aerodynamically: I. General theory. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 211, 564–581.Google Scholar
Lighthill, M. J. 1954 On sound generated aerodynamically: II. Turbulence as a source of sound. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 222, 1–32.Google Scholar
Lilley, G. M. 1958 On the Noise from air jets. Aeronaut. Res. Council Rep. Mem. 20, 376.Google Scholar
Maestrello, L. 1976 Two-point correlation of sound pressure in the far-field of a jet. NASA TM X–72835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, P. J. & Farassat, F. 2002 Acoustic analogy and alternative theories of jet noise. AIAA J. 40, 671–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norum, T. D. & Brown, M. C. 1993 Simulated high speed flight effects on supersonic jet noise. AIAA Paper 93–4388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panda, J. 2007 Experimental investigation of turbulence density fluctuations and noise generation from heated jets. J. Fluid Mech. 591, 73–96. (See also AIAA Paper 2004-3016.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panda, J. & Seasholtz, R. G. 2002 Experimental investigation of density fluctuations in high-speed jets and correlation with generated noise. J. Fluid Mech. 450, 97–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panda, J., Seasholtz, R. G. & Elam, K. A. 2005 Investigation of noise sources in high-speed jets via correlation measurements. J. Fluid Mech. 537, 349–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philips, O. M. 1960 On the generation of sound by supersonic turbulent shear layer. J. Fluid Mech. 9, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proudman, I. 1952 The generation of noise by isotropic turbulence. Pro. R. Soc. Lond. A 214, 119–132.Google Scholar
Ribner, H. S. 1964 The generation of sound by turbulent jets. In Advances in Applied Mechanics, vol. 8, pp. 108–182. Academic.Google Scholar
Richarz, W. G. 1980 Direct correlation of noise and flow of a jet using laser Doppler. AIAA J. 18, 759–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffar, M. 1979 Direct measurements of the correlation between axial in-jet velocity fluctuations and far-field noise near the axis of a cold jet. J. Sound Vib. 64, 73–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlinker, R. H. 1975 Supersonic jet noise experiments. PhD thesis, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
Seasholtz, R. G., Panda, J. & Elam, K. A. 2001 Rayleigh scattering diagnostics for dynamic measurement of velocity fluctuations in high speed jets. AIAA Paper 2001–0847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seasholtz, R. G., Panda, J. & Elam, K. A. 2002 Rayleigh scattering diagnostics for measurement of velocity and density fluctuation spectra. AIAA Paper 2002–0827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seiner, J. M., Ponton, M. K.Jansen, B. J. & Lagen, N. T. 1992 The effects of temperature on supersonic jet noise emission. AIAA Paper 92–2046.Google Scholar
Siddon, T. E. 1973 Noise source diagnostics using causality correlations. AGARD CP 131, 7-1–7-13.Google Scholar
Tam, C. K.W. 1995 Supersonic jet noise. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 27, 17–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. 1998 Influence of nozzle geometry on the noise of high speed jets. AIAA J. 36, 1396–1400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. 2006 Dimensional analysis of jet noise data. AIAA J. 44, 512–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. & Auriault, L. 1999 Jet mixing noise from fine-scale turbulence. AIAA J. 37, 145–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. & Burton, D. E. 1984 a Sound generated by instability waves of supersonic flows. Part 1. Two-dimensional mixing layers. J. Fluid Mech. 138, 249–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. & Burton, D. E. 1984 b Sound generated by instability waves of supersonic flows. Part 2. Axisymmetric jets. J. Fluid Mech. 138, 273–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. & Chen, K. C. 1979 A statistical model of turbulence in two-dimensional mixing layers. J. Fluid Mech. 92, 303–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. & Chen, P. 1994 Turbulent mixing noise from supersonic jets. AIAA J. 32, 1774–1780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. & Zaman, K. B. M. Q. 2000 Subsonic jet noise from non-axisymmetric and tabbed nozzles. AIAA J. 38, 592–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W., Golebiowski, M. & Seiner, J. M. 1996 Two components of turbulent mixing noise from supersonic jets. AIAA Paper 96–1716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tester, B. J. & Morfey, C. L. 1976 Development in jet noise modelling–Theoretical predictions and comparisons with measured data. J. Sound Vib. 46, 79–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurow, B.Samimy, M. & Lempert, W. 2003 Compressibility effects on turbulence structures of axisymmetric mixing layers. Phys. Fluids 15, 1755–1765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Dyke, M. 1982 An album of Fluid Motion, Parabolic Press, Stanford, California.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viswanathan, K. 2002 Analysis of the two similarity components of turbulent mixing noise. AIAA J. 40, 1735–1744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viswanathan, K. 2003 Jet aeroacoustic testing: issues and implications. AIAA J. 41, 1674–1689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viswanathan, K. 2004 Aeroacoustics of hot jets. J. Fluid Mech.. 516, 39–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viswanathan, K. 2006 Scaling laws and a method for identifying components of jet noise. AIAA J. 44, 2274–2285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viswanathan, K. 2007 Investigation of the sources of jet noise. AIAA Paper 2007–3601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamamoto, K., Brausch, J. F., Janardan, B. A., Hoerst, D. J., Price, A. O. & Knott, P. R. 1984 Experimental investigation of shock-cell noise reduction for single-stream nozzles in simulated flight, Test Nozzle and Acoustic Data, Comprehensive Data Report, vol. 1, NASA CR–168234.Google Scholar