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Laboratory study of the breaking and energy distribution of internal solitary waves over a ridge

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2024

Yulin Guo Open the ORCID record for Yulin Guo [Opens in a new window] ,
Xu Chen Open the ORCID record for Xu Chen [Opens in a new window] ,
Qun Li Open the ORCID record for Qun Li [Opens in a new window]  and
Jing Meng Open the ORCID record for Jing Meng [Opens in a new window]
Yulin Guo
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, PR China
Xu Chen*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, PR China
Qun Li
Affiliation:
MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, PR China
Jing Meng
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, PR China
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

The breaking and energy distribution of mode-1 depression internal solitary wave interactions with Gaussian ridges are examined through laboratory experiments. A series of processes, such as shoaling, breaking, transmission and reflection, are captured completely by measuring the velocity field in a large region. It is found that the maximum interface descent ($a_{max}$) during wave shoaling is an important parameter for diagnosing the type of wave–ridge interaction and energy distribution. The wave breaking on the ridge depends on the modified blockage parameter $\zeta _m$, the ratio of the sum of the upper layer depth and $a_{max}$ to the water depth at the top of the ridge. As $\zeta _m$ increases, the interaction type transitions from no breaking to plunging and mixed plunging–collapsing breaking. Within the scope of this experiment, the energy distribution can be characterized solely by $\zeta _m$. The transmission energy decreases monotonically with increasing $\zeta _m$, and there is a linear relationship between $\zeta _m^2$ and the reflection coefficient. The value of $a_{max}$ can be determined from the basic initial parameters of the experiment. Based on the incident wave parameters, the depth of the upper and lower layers, and the topographic parameters, two new simple methods for predicting $a_{max}$ on the ridge are proposed.

JFM classification

Geophysical and Geological Flows: Internal waves Geophysical and Geological Flows: Stratified flows Geophysical and Geological Flows: Topographic effects
Type
JFM Papers
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Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 1000 , 10 December 2024 , A79
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© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

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