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Granular column collapses: further experimental results

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 March 2007

ERICA L. THOMPSON  and
HERBERT E. HUPPERT
ERICA L. THOMPSON
Affiliation:
Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
HERBERT E. HUPPERT
Affiliation:
Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
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Abstract

Experimental observations of the collapse of initially static columns of sand in axisymmetric and two-dimensional geometries are presented. The experiments were carried out using cylinders and rectangular tanks 30 to 60 cm tall, and cover aspect ratios between 0.5 and 20, where the aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the initial height to horizontal extent of the column. The final positions of sand grains from different points initially on the outer surface of the columns are mapped. For all axisymmetric columns the point of maximum runout is found to originate from a point at fractional height 0.74 ± 0.03 of the initial vertical height of the column, independent of the aspect ratio. For two-dimensional columns the corresponding point is 0.65 ± 0.07. Collapses of columns of water-saturated sand into water display a different form of flow, which leads to there being no such well-defined point. In this case, grains from all but the innermost, basal areas of the initial column can end up in the outermost region of the final deposit. For collapses in air and aspect ratios greater than 1, the detail of the initial geometry is relatively insignificant in determining the shape of the final deposit. The results of this and previous studies thus have general applicability, even to situations with less initial symmetry. Movies are available with the online version of the paper.

Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 575 , March 2007 , pp. 177 - 186
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

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Thompson and Huppert supplementary movie

Movie 1. Collapse of a rectangular column of dry sand into air. The collapse occurs essentially in one motion, while the stripes of coloured sand remain unmixed.

Download Thompson and Huppert supplementary movie(Video)
Video 538.8 KB

Thompson and Huppert supplementary movie

Movie 1. Collapse of a rectangular column of dry sand into air. The collapse occurs essentially in one motion, while the stripes of coloured sand remain unmixed.

Download Thompson and Huppert supplementary movie(Video)
Video 1.9 MB

Thompson and Huppert supplementary movie

Movie 2. Collapse of a rectangular column of water-saturated sand into water. The outermost layers are eroded sequentially and the stripes undergo mixing as indicated in figure 2. A gravity current of suspended finer material is also initially visible.

Download Thompson and Huppert supplementary movie(Video)
Video 1 MB

Thompson and Huppert supplementary movie

Movie 2. Collapse of a rectangular column of water-saturated sand into water. The outermost layers are eroded sequentially and the stripes undergo mixing as indicated in figure 2. A gravity current of suspended finer material is also initially visible.

Download Thompson and Huppert supplementary movie(Video)
Video 7 MB