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Fragmentation from inertial detachment of a sessile droplet: implications for pathogen transport

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 December 2024

N. Shen Open the ORCID record for N. Shen [Opens in a new window] ,
Y. Kulkarni Open the ORCID record for Y. Kulkarni [Opens in a new window] ,
T. Jamin ,
S. Popinet ,
S. Zaleski Open the ORCID record for S. Zaleski [Opens in a new window]  and
L. Bourouiba Open the ORCID record for L. Bourouiba [Opens in a new window]
N. Shen
Affiliation:
The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Y. Kulkarni
Affiliation:
Sorbonne Université and CNRS UMR 7190, Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, 75005 Paris, France
T. Jamin
Affiliation:
The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
S. Popinet
Affiliation:
Sorbonne Université and CNRS UMR 7190, Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, 75005 Paris, France
S. Zaleski
Affiliation:
Sorbonne Université and CNRS UMR 7190, Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, 75005 Paris, France Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
L. Bourouiba*
Affiliation:
The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

Fragmentation of a fluid body into droplets underlies many contamination and disease transmission processes where pathogens are transported in a liquid phase. An important class of such processes involves formation of a fluid ligament and its destabilization into droplets. Inertial detachment (Gilet & Bourouiba, J. R. Soc. Interface, vol. 12, 2015, 20141092) is one of these modes: upon impact on a sufficiently compliant substrate, the substrate's motion can transfer its impulse to a contaminated sessile drop residing on it. The fragmentation of the sessile drop is efficient at producing contaminated ejected droplets with little dilution. Inertial detachment, particularly from substrates of intermediate wetting, is also interesting as a fundamental fragmentation process on its own merit, involving the asymmetric stretching of the sessile drop under impulsive axial forcing with one-sided pinning due to the substrate's intermediate wetting. Our experiments show that the radius, $R_{tip}$, of the tip drop ejected become insensitive to the Bond number value for $Bo>1$. Here, $Bo$ quantifies the inertial effects via the relative axial impulsive acceleration compared with capillarity. The time, $t_{tip}$, of tip-drop breakup is also insensitive to $Bo$. Combining experiments, theory and validated numerics, we decipher the selection of $R_{tip}$ and its sensitivity to the surface-wetting and substrate foot dynamics. Using asymptotic theory in the large $Bo$ limit for which the thin-film/slender-jet approximations hold, we derive a reduced physical model that predicts $R_{tip}$ consistent with our experiments. Finally, we discuss how pathogen physical properties (e.g. wetting and buoyancy) within the sessile drop determine their distribution in the tip and secondary fragmentation droplets.

JFM classification

Drops and Bubbles: Aerosols/atomization Interfacial Flows (free surface): Interfacial Flows (free surface)
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 1002 , 10 January 2025 , A6
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Supplementary material: File

Shen et al. supplementary movie 1

Experiment of inertial detachment of an original sessile water droplet detaching a PMMA substrate, as given in Figure 3. Here the equilibrium contact angle is 60 degrees, the substrates acceleration is 4.2 times gravitational acceleration, the drop initial volume is 80 micro liters. The Bond number in this case is 4. The scale bar corresponds to 1 cm.
Download Shen et al. supplementary movie 1(File)
File 10.8 MB
Supplementary material: File

Shen et al. supplementary movie 2

Direct Numerical Simulation of inertial detachment of an original sessile droplet with constant contact angle of 60 degrees. Stratified wetting tracer particles/analog pathogens such as a range of bacteria that initially distribute within different horizontal layers in the drop are tracked over time. The Bond number here is 6.
Download Shen et al. supplementary movie 2(File)
File 4.9 MB
Supplementary material: File

Shen et al. supplementary movie 3

Direct Numerical Simulation of inertial detachment of an original sessile droplet with constant contact angle of 60 degrees. Hydrophobic tracer particles/analog pathogens such as a range of spores that initially distributed along the drop surface are tracked over time. The Bond number here is 6.
Download Shen et al. supplementary movie 3(File)
File 1.4 MB