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Fluid viscoelasticity affects ultrasound force field-induced particle transport

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2024

T. Sujith Open the ORCID record for T. Sujith [Opens in a new window] ,
L. Malik Open the ORCID record for L. Malik [Opens in a new window]  and
A.K. Sen Open the ORCID record for A.K. Sen [Opens in a new window]
T. Sujith
Affiliation:
Micro Nano Bio Fluidics Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
L. Malik
Affiliation:
Micro Nano Bio Fluidics Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
A.K. Sen*
Affiliation:
Micro Nano Bio Fluidics Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

Ultrasonic standing wave technology offers an ideal platform for manipulating particles in microfluidics. We study how fluid viscoelasticity and acoustic boundary formation in micro-confinements affect ultrasound-induced perturbations. These perturbations influence acoustic energy density (AED) and consequently particle transport dynamics. Our approach combines theoretical, numerical and experimental methods. Using the Oldroyd-B model for viscoelastic fluids, we advance acoustic radiation force (ARF) formulations of Doinikov et al. (Phys. Rev. E, vol. 104, no. 6, 2021a; Phys. Rev. E, vol. 104, no. 6, 2021b) for particles much smaller than the acoustic wavelength. This improved approach allows us to decouple AED and acoustic contrast factor terms in the ARF expression. It also enables us to examine the effects of viscoelastic parameters: $\mu ^*$ (ratio of the viscosity of the viscoelastic fluid to that of base Newtonian fluid) and $De$ (product of fluid relaxation time and actuation frequency) on AED and particle migration. Remarkably, we show that increasing fluid elasticity or $De$ transitions viscoelastic fluids from the energy dissipation (relaxation) mode to the energy storage (frozen) mode, increasing AED. Conversely, increasing viscosity ($\mu ^*$) reduces AED. Thus, our findings suggest that elastic effects accelerate particle migration, while viscous effects decelerate it. Consequently, a viscoelastic fluid-filled micro-confinement acts as an energy dissipation device at low $De$ and an energy storage device at high $De$. Particle migration can be controlled by adjusting viscoelastic and acoustic parameters, at a fixed power input. Our theoretical and numerical findings are validated with our experimental data. Our study advances the fundamental understanding of particle migration in viscoelastic fluids under ultrasound, and can significantly impact future studies on particle/cell migration in bio-fluids.

JFM classification

Micro-/Nano-fluid dynamics: Microscale transport Non-Newtonian Flows: Viscoelasticity Waves/Free-surface Flows: Shear waves
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 1000 , 10 December 2024 , A75
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

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