Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T10:24:38.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Experimental study of a turbulent boundary layer with a rough-to-smooth change in surface conditions at high Reynolds numbers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2021

Mogeng Li Open the ORCID record for Mogeng Li [Opens in a new window] ,
Charitha M. de Silva Open the ORCID record for Charitha M. de Silva [Opens in a new window] ,
Daniel Chung Open the ORCID record for Daniel Chung [Opens in a new window] ,
Dale I. Pullin ,
Ivan Marusic Open the ORCID record for Ivan Marusic [Opens in a new window]  and
Nicholas Hutchins
Mogeng Li*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
Charitha M. de Silva
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
Daniel Chung
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
Dale I. Pullin
Affiliation:
Graduate Aerospace Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, CA 91125, USA
Ivan Marusic
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
Nicholas Hutchins
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study presents an experimental dataset documenting the evolution of a turbulent boundary layer downstream of a rough-to-smooth surface transition. To investigate the effect of upstream flow conditions, two groups of experiments are conducted. For the Group-Re cases, a nominally constant viscous-scaled equivalent sand grain roughness $k_{s0}^{+}\approx 160$ is maintained on the rough surface, while the friction Reynolds number $Re_{\tau 0}$ ranges from 7100 to 21 000. For the Group-ks cases, $Re_{\tau 0}\approx 14\,000$ is maintained while $k_{s0}^{+}$ ranges from 111 to 228. The wall-shear stress on the downstream smooth surface is measured directly using oil-film interferometry to redress previously reported uncertainties in the skin-friction coefficient recovery trends. In the early development following the roughness transition, the flow in the internal layer is not in equilibrium with the wall-shear stress. This conflicts with the common practise of modelling the mean velocity profile as two log laws below and above the internal layer height, as first proposed by Elliott (Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 39, 1958, pp. 1048–1054). As a solution to this, the current data are used to model the recovering mean velocity semi-empirically by blending the corresponding rough-wall and smooth-wall profiles. The over-energised large-scale motions leave a strong footprint in the near-wall region of the energy spectrum, the frequency and magnitude of which exhibit dependence on $Re_{\tau 0}$ and $k_{s0}^{+}$, respectively. The energy distribution in near-wall small scales is mostly unaffected by the presence of the outer flow with rough-wall characteristics, which can be used as a surrogate measure to extract the local friction velocity.

JFM classification

Turbulent Flows: Turbulent boundary layers
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 923 , 25 September 2021 , A18
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abkar, M. & Porté-Agel, F. 2012 A new boundary condition for large-eddy simulation of boundary-layer flow over surface roughness transitions. J. Turbul. 13, N23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonia, R.A. & Luxton, R.E. 1971 The response of a turbulent boundary layer to a step change in surface roughness. Part 1. Smooth to rough. J. Fluid Mech. 48, 721–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonia, R.A. & Luxton, R.E. 1972 The response of a turbulent boundary layer to a step change in surface roughness. Part 2. Rough-to-smooth. J. Fluid Mech. 53, 737–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baars, W.J., Squire, D.T., Talluru, K.M., Abbassi, M.R., Hutchins, N. & Marusic, I. 2016 Wall-drag measurements of smooth-and rough-wall turbulent boundary layers using a floating element. Exp. Fluids 57 (5), 90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barri, M., El Khoury, G.K., Andersson, H.I. & Pettersen, B. 2010 Dns of backward-facing step flow with fully turbulent inflow. Intl J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 64 (7), 777–792.Google Scholar
Bou-Zeid, E., Meneveau, C. & Parlange, M.B. 2004 Large-eddy simulation of neutral atmospheric boundary layer flow over heterogeneous surfaces: blending height and effective surface roughness. Water Resour. Res. 40, W02505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, E.F. 1968 A micrometeorological study of velocity profiles and surface drag in the region modified by a change in surface roughness. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 94, 361–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamorro, L.P. & Porté-Agel, F. 2009 Velocity and surface shear stress distributions behind a rough-to-smooth surface transition: a simple new model. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 130, 29–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chauhan, K.A., Monkewitz, P.A. & Nagib, H.M. 2009 Criteria for assessing experiments in zero pressure gradient boundary layers. Fluid Dyn. Res. 41, 021404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, W.P. 1958 The growth of the atmospheric internal boundary layer. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 39, 1048–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernholz, H.H., Janke, G., Schober, M., Wagner, P.M. & Warnack, D. 1996 New developments and applications of skin-friction measuring techniques. Meas. Sci. Technol. 7, 1396–1409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flack, K.A., Schultz, M.P. & Shapiro, T.A. 2005 Experimental support for Townsend's Reynolds number similarity hypothesis on rough walls. Phys. Fluids 17 (3), 035102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garratt, J.R. 1990 The internal boundary layer – A review. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 50, 171–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghaisas, N.S. 2020 A predictive analytical model for surface shear stresses and velocity profiles behind a surface roughness jump. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 176 (3), 349–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, R.E. & Ganapathisubramani, B. 2016 Development of turbulent boundary layers past a step change in wall roughness. J. Fluid Mech. 795, 494–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchins, N., Nickels, T.B., Marusic, I. & Chong, M.S. 2009 Hot-wire spatial resolution issues in wall-bounded turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 635, 103–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ismail, U., Zaki, T.A. & Durbin, P.A. 2018 Simulations of rib-roughened rough-to-smooth turbulent channel flows. J. Fluid Mech. 843, 419–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez, J. 2004 Turbulent flows over rough walls. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 36, 173–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostas, J., Soria, J. & Chong, M. 2002 Particle image velocimetry measurements of a backward-facing step flow. Exp. Fluids 33 (6), 838–853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krug, D., Philip, J. & Marusic, I. 2017 Revisiting the law of the wake in wall turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 811, 421–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulandaivelu, V. 2012 Evolution of zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers from different initial conditions. PhD thesis, The University of Melbourne.Google Scholar
Li, M., de Silva, C.M., Baidya, R., Rouhi, A., Chung, D., Marusic, I. & Hutchins, N. 2018 Recovery of a turbulent boundary layer following a rough-to-smooth step-change in the wall condition. In Proceedings of the 21th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference (ed. T.C.W. Lau & R.M. Kelso). Australasian Fluid Mechanics Society.Google Scholar
Li, M., de Silva, C.M., Baidya, R., Rouhi, A., Chung, D., Marusic, I. & Hutchins, N. 2019 Recovery of the wall-shear stress to equilibrium flow conditions after a rough-to-smooth step-change in turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 872, 472–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loureiro, J.B.R., Sousa, F.B.C.C., Zotin, J.L.Z. & Freire, A.P.S. 2010 The distribution of wall shear stress downstream of a change in roughness. Intl J. Heat Fluid Flow 31 (5), 785–793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marusic, I., Chauhan, K.A., Kulandaivelu, V. & Hutchins, N. 2015 Evolution of zero-pressure-gradient boundary layers from different tripping conditions. J. Fluid Mech. 783, 379–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehdi, F., Klewicki, J.C. & White, C.M. 2013 Mean force structure and its scaling in rough-wall turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 731, 682–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monty, J.P., Dogan, E., Hanson, R., Scardino, A.J., Ganapathisubramani, B. & Hutchins, N. 2016 An assessment of the ship drag penalty arising from light calcareous tubeworm fouling. Biofouling 32 (4), 451–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulhearn, P.J. 1978 A wind-tunnel boundary-layer study of the effects of a surface roughness change: rough to smooth. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 15 (1), 3–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagib, H.M., Chauhan, K.A. & Monkewitz, P.A. 2007 Approach to an asymptotic state for zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 365, 755–770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikuradse, J. 1950 Laws of flow in rough pipes. NACA Tech. Memo. 1292.Google Scholar
Panofsky, H.A. & Townsend, A.A. 1964 Change of terrain roughness and the wind profile. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 90 (384), 147–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, V.C. 1965 Calibration of the Preston tube and limitations on its use in pressure gradients. J. Fluid Mech. 23, 185–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pendergrass, W. & Arya, S.P.S. 1984 Dispersion in neutral boundary layer over a step change in surface roughness—I. Mean flow and turbulence structure. Atmos. Environ. 18 (7), 1267–1279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pope, S.B. 2000 Turbulent Flows. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, K.S., Wyngaard, J.C. & Coté, O.R. 1974 The structure of the two-dimensional internal boundary layer over a sudden change of surface roughness. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 738–746.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouhi, A., Chung, D. & Hutchins, N. 2019 a Direct numerical simulation of open channel flow over smooth-to-rough and rough-to-smooth step changes. J. Fluid Mech. 866, 450–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouhi, A., Chung, D. & Hutchins, N. 2019 b Roughness geometry effect on the flow past a rough-to-smooth step change. In Progress in Turbulence VIII (ed. R. Örlü, A.Talamelli, J. Peinke & M. Oberlack). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saito, N. & Pullin, D.I. 2014 Large eddy simulation of smooth–rough–smooth transitions in turbulent channel flows. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 78, 707–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savelyev, S.A. & Taylor, P.A. 2005 Internal boundary layers: I. Height formulae for neutral and diabatic flows. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 115, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shir, C.C. 1972 A numerical computation of air flow over a sudden change of surface roughness. J. Atmos. Sci. 29 (2), 304–310.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Silva, C.M., Li, M., Baidya, R., Rouhi, A., Chung, D., Marusic, I. & Hutchins, N. 2018 Estimating the wall-shear stress after a rough-to-smooth step-change in turbulent boundary layers using near-wall PIV/PTV experiments. In Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics.Google Scholar
Squire, D.T., Hutchins, N., Morrill-Winter, C., Schultz, M.P., Klewicki, J.C. & Marusic, I. 2017 Applicability of Taylor's hypothesis in rough- and smooth-wall boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 812, 398–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, D.T., Morrill-Winter, C., Hutchins, N., Schultz, M.P., Klewicki, J.C. & Marusic, I. 2016 Comparison of turbulent boundary layers over smooth and rough surfaces up to high Reynolds numbers. J. Fluid Mech. 795, 210–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sridhar, A. 2018 Large-eddy simulation of turbulent boundary layers with spatially varying roughness. PhD thesis, California Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Sutherland, W. 1893 LII. The viscosity of gases and molecular force. London Edinburgh Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci. 36 (223), 507–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talluru, K.M., Kulandaivelu, V., Hutchins, N. & Marusic, I. 2014 A calibration technique to correct sensor drift issues in hot-wire anemometry. Meas. Sci. Technol. 25, 105304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, L.H. & Blows, L.G. 1976 A study of the motion of oil films on surfaces in air flow, with application to the measurement of skin friction. J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 9 (3), 194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tennekes, H. & Lumley, J.L. 1972 A First Course in Turbulence. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thakkar, M., Busse, A. & Sandham, N. 2017 Surface correlations of hydrodynamic drag for transitionally rough engineering surfaces. J. Turbul. 18 (2), 138–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, A.A. 1976 The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wu, Y. & Christensen, K.T. 2007 Outer-layer similarity in the presence of a practical rough-wall topography. Phys. Fluids 19 (8), 085108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, Y., Ren, H. & Tang, H. 2013 Turbulent flow over a rough backward-facing step. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 44, 155–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yavuzkurt, S. 1984 A guide to uncertainty analysis of hot-wire data. Trans. ASME J. Fluids Engng 106 (2), 181–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanoun, E.S., Durst, F. & Nagib, H. 2003 Evaluating the law of the wall in two-dimensional fully developed turbulent channel flows. Phys. Fluids 15, 3079–3089.CrossRefGoogle Scholar