Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T19:25:02.307Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Boundary-layer noise induced by arrays of roughness elements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2013

Qin Yang  and
Meng Wang
Qin Yang
Affiliation:
Institute for Flow Physics and Control, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
Meng Wang*
Affiliation:
Institute for Flow Physics and Control, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Sound induced by arrays of $10\times 4$ roughness elements in low-Mach-number turbulent boundary layers at ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } = 3065$ is studied with Lighthill’s theory and large-eddy simulation. Three roughness fetches consisting of hemispheres, cuboids and short cylinders are considered. The roughness elements of different shapes have the same height of $0. 124\delta $, the same element-to-element spacing of $0. 727\delta $ and the same flow blockage area. The acoustically compact roughness elements and their images in the wall radiate sound primarily as acoustic dipoles in the plane of wall. The dipole strength, orientation and spatial distribution show strong dependence on the roughness shape. Correlations between dipole sources associated with neighbouring elements are found to be small for these sparsely distributed roughness arrays. Correlations and coherence between roughness dipoles and surface pressure fluctuations are analysed, which reveals the importance of the impingement of upstream turbulence and surrounding vortical structures to dipole sound radiation, especially in the streamwise direction. For roughness shapes with sharp frontal edges, the edge-induced unsteady separation and reattachment also play important roles in sound generation. Large-scale turbulent structures in the boundary layer have a relatively low influence on roughness dipoles, except for the first row of elements.

JFM classification

Acoustics: Aeroacoustics Boundary Layers: Boundary Layers Turbulent Flows: Turbulence simulation
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 727 , 25 July 2013 , pp. 282 - 317
Copyright
©2013 Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, W. N., Devenport, W., Glegg, S. A. L. & Buren, R. V. 2010 Directivity of noise from discrete elements in a turbulent boundary layer. AIAA Paper 2010-3773.Google Scholar
Alexander, W. N., Devenport, W. & Glegg, S. L. A. 2011 Aerodynamic noise from sparse surface roughness. AIAA Paper 2011-2740.Google Scholar
Alexander, W. N., Devenport, W. J. & Glegg, S. L. A. 2013 Predictions of sound from rough wall boundary layers. AIAA J. 51, 465–475.Google Scholar
Alexander, W. N., Rasnick, M. B., Catlett, M. R. & Devenport, W. 2009 Boundary layer noise from discrete roughness elements. AIAA Paper 2009-3310.Google Scholar
Anderson, J., Stewart, D., Goody, M., Zoccola, P. & Blake, W. 2007 Sound from flow over a rough surface. IMECE 2007-41847.Google Scholar
Blake, W. K., Kim, K.-H., Goody, M., Wang, M., Devenport, W. & Glegg, S. L. A. 2008 Investigations of roughness-generated TBL sound using coupled physical-computational experiments in conjunction with theoretical development. Second ASA–EAA Joint Conference, Paris, France, July 2008.Google Scholar
Chanaud, R. C. 1969 Experimental study of aerodynamic sound from a rotating disk. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 45, 392–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, L. D. 1980 Measurements of sound generated by boundary layer turbulence over smooth and rough surfaces. Tech Rep. SAD-288E-1942. David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center.Google Scholar
Crighton, D. G., Dowling, A. P., Ffowcs Williams, J. E., Heckl, M. & Leppington, F. G. 1992 Modern Methods in Analytical Acoustics, Chapter 16. Springer.Google Scholar
Curle, N. 1955 The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 231, 505–514.Google Scholar
Devenport, W. J., Grissom, D. L., Alexander, W. N., Smith, B. S. & Glegg, S. A. L. 2011 Measurements of roughness noise. J. Sound Vib. 330, 4250–4273.Google Scholar
Devenport, W., Wahl, E. A., Glegg, S. L. A., Alexander, W. N. & Grissom, D. L. 2010 Measuring surface pressure with far field acoustics. J. Sound Vib. 329, 3958–3971.Google Scholar
Glegg, S. L. A. & Devenport, W. 2009 The far-field sound from rough-wall boundary layers. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 465, 1717–1734.Google Scholar
Glegg, S. L. A., Devenport, W. & Grissom, D. L. 2007 Rough wall boundary layer noise: Theoretical predictions. AIAA Paper 2007-3417.Google Scholar
Grissom, D. L., Devenport, W. J. & Glegg, S. L. A. 2007 Rough wall boundary layer noise: An experimental investigation. AIAA Paper 2007-3418.Google Scholar
Grissom, D. L., Smith, B. & Devenport, W. J. 2006 Rough wall boundary layer noise.AIAA Paper 2006-2409.Google Scholar
Hersh, A. S. 1983 Experimental investigation of surface roughness generated flow noise.AIAA Paper 1983-786.Google Scholar
Howe, M. S. 1984 On the generation of sound by turbulent boundary layer flow over a rough wall. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 395, 247–263.Google Scholar
Howe, M. S. 1986 The influence of viscous surface stress on the production of sound by turbulent boundary layer flow over a rough wall. J. Sound Vib. 104, 29–39.Google Scholar
Howe, M. S. 1989 Sound produced by turbulent boundary layer flow over a finite region of wall roughness, and over a forward facing step. J. Fluids Struct. 3, 83–96.Google Scholar
Howe, M. S. 1998 Acoustics of Fluid–Structure Interactions, Chapter 3. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hu, Z., Morfey, C. L. & Sandham, N. D. 2006 Sound radiation from a turbulent boundary layer. Phys. Fluids 18, 098101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, M. & Wang, M. 2010 Sound generation by turbulent boundary-layer flow over small steps. J. Fluid Mech. 654, 161–193.Google Scholar
Ji, M. & Wang, M. 2012 Surface pressure fluctuations on steps immersed in turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 712, 471–504.Google Scholar
Lighthill, M. J. 1952 On sound generated aerodynamically. Part I. General theory. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 211, 564–587.Google Scholar
Liu, Y. & Dowling, A. P. 2007 Assessment of the contribution of surface roughness to airframe noise. AIAA J. 45, 855–869.Google Scholar
Liu, Y., Dowling, A. P. & Shin, H.-C. 2006 Effects of surface roughness on airframe noise. AIAA Paper 2006-2510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y., Dowling, A. P. & Shin, H.-C. 2008 Measurement and simulation of surface roughness noise using phased microphone arrays. J. Sound Vib. 314, 95–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, T. S., Wu, X. & Squires, K. 1998 Generation of turbulent inflow data for spatially-developing boundary layer simulations. J. Comput. Phys. 140, 233–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahesh, K., Constantinescu, G. & Moin, P. 2004 A numerical method for large-eddy simulation in complex geometries. J. Comput. Phys. 197, 215–240.Google Scholar
Morfey, C. L. 2003 The role of viscosity in aerodynamic sound generation. Intl J. Aeroacoust. 2, 225–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, A. 1960 Aerodynamic noise and the plane boundary. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32, 982–990.Google Scholar
Shariff, K. & Wang, M. 2005 A numerical experiment to determine whether surface shear-stress fluctuations are a true sound source. Phys. Fluids 17, 107105.Google Scholar
Simpson, R. L. 2001 Junction flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 33, 415–443.Google Scholar
Skudrzyk, E. J. & Haddle, G. P. 1960 Noise production in a turbulent boundary layer by smooth and rough surfaces. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32, 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, B. S., Alexander, W. N., Devenport, W., Glegg, S. L. A. & Grissom, D. L. 2008 The relationship between roughness noise and the near-field pressure spectrum. AIAA Paper 2008-2904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smol’yakov, A. V. 2001 Noise of turbulent boundary layer flow over smooth and rough plates at low Mach numbers. Acoust. Phys. 47, 218–225.Google Scholar
Wang, M., Freund, J. B. & Lele, S. K. 2006 Computational prediction of flow-generated sound. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 38, 483–512.Google Scholar
Yang, Q. 2012 Computational study of sound generation by surface roughness in turbulent boundary layers. PhD thesis, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.Google Scholar
Yang, Q. & Wang, M. 2008 Computational study of boundary-layer noise due to surface roughness. AIAA Paper 2008-2905.Google Scholar
Yang, Q. & Wang, M. 2009 Computational study of roughness-induced boundary-layer noise. AIAA J. 47, 2417–2429.Google Scholar
Yang, Q. & Wang, M. 2010 Boundary-layer noise induced by a roughness patch. AIAA Paper 2010-3772.Google Scholar
Yang, Q. & Wang, M. 2011 Statistical analysis of acoustic-source field in rough-wall boundary layers. AIAA Paper 2011-2738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar