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The role of wave kinematics in turbulent flow over waves

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2019

Espen Åkervik Open the ORCID record for Espen Åkervik [Opens in a new window]  and
Magnus Vartdal Open the ORCID record for Magnus Vartdal [Opens in a new window]
Espen Åkervik*
Affiliation:
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Instituttvn 20, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
Magnus Vartdal
Affiliation:
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Instituttvn 20, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

The turbulent flow over monochromatic waves of moderate steepness is studied by means of wall resolved large eddy simulations. The simulations cover a range of wave ages and Reynolds numbers. At low wave ages the form drag is highly sensitive to Reynolds number changes, and the interaction between turbulent and wave-induced stresses increases with Reynolds number. At higher wave ages, the flow enters a quasi-laminar regime where wave-induced stresses are primarily balanced by viscous stresses, and the form drag displays a simple Reynolds number dependence. To exploit the quasi-laminar response to the wave kinematics, we split the flow field into a laminar wave-generated response and a turbulent shear flow. The former is driven by the non-homogeneous boundary conditions, whereas the latter is driven by the laminar solution as well as turbulent stresses. For high wave ages, the splitting enables approximate functional dependencies for the form drag to be formulated. In the low wave age regime, where the wave-induced stresses are tightly connected with higher harmonics in the turbulent stresses, the flow is more challenging to analyse. Nevertheless, the importance of higher harmonics in the turbulent stresses can be quantified by explicitly choosing which modes to include in the split-system forcing.

JFM classification

Geophysical and Geological Flows: Air/sea interactions Turbulent Flows: Turbulent boundary layers
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 880 , 10 December 2019 , pp. 890 - 915
Copyright
© 2019 Cambridge University Press 

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