Receptivity of a supersonic boundary layer over a flat plate. Part 1. Wave structures and interactions

Abstract

This paper is the first part of a two-part study on the mechanisms of the receptivity to disturbances of a Mach 4.5 flow over a flat plate by using both direct numerical simulations (DNS) and linear stability theory (LST). The main objective of the current paper is to study the linear stability characteristics of the boundary-layer wave modes and their mutual resonant interactions. The numerical solutions of both steady base flow and unsteady flow induced by forcing disturbances are obtained by using a fifth-order shock-fitting method. Meanwhile, the LST results are used to study the supersonic boundary-layer stability characteristics relevant to the receptivity study. It is found that, in addition to the conventional first and second modes, there exist a family of stable wave modes in the supersonic boundary layer. These modes play a very important role in the receptivity process of excitation of the unstable Mack modes, especially the second mode. These stable modes are termed mode I, mode II, etc., in this paper. Though mode I and mode II waves are linearly stable, they can have resonant (synchronization) interactions with both acoustic waves and the Mack-mode waves. Therefore, the stable wave modes such as mode I and mode II are critical in transferring wave energy between the acoustic waves and the unstable second mode. The effects of frequencies and wall boundary conditions for the temperature perturbations on the boundary-layer stability and receptivity are also studied.