Navier–Stokes solutions for parallel flow in rivulets on an inclined plane

Abstract

We investigate the solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations that describe the steady flow of rivulets down an inclined surface. We find that the shape of the free surface is given by an analytic formula obtained by solving the equation that expresses the condition of static equilibrium under the action of gravity and surface tension, independently of the velocity field and of any assumption concerning the rheology of the liquid. The velocity field is then obtained by solving (in general numerically) a Poisson equation in the domain defined by the cross-section of the rivulet. The isovelocity contours are perpendicular to the free surface. Various properties of the solutions are given as functions of the parameters of the problem. Two special analytic solutions are presented. The exact solutions suggest that the lubrication approximation, frequently employed to investigate problems similar to the present one, predicts reasonably well the global properties of the rivulet provided the static contact angle is not too large.