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Nanoparticle diffusion in sheared cellular blood flow

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 May 2019

Zixiang Liu Open the ORCID record for Zixiang Liu [Opens in a new window] ,
Jonathan R. Clausen ,
Rekha R. Rao  and
Cyrus K. Aidun Open the ORCID record for Cyrus K. Aidun [Opens in a new window]
Zixiang Liu
Affiliation:
George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
Jonathan R. Clausen
Affiliation:
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
Rekha R. Rao
Affiliation:
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
Cyrus K. Aidun*
Affiliation:
George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

Using a multiscale blood flow solver, the complete diffusion tensor of nanoparticles (NPs) in sheared cellular blood flow is calculated over a wide range of shear rate and haematocrit. In the short-time regime, NPs exhibit anomalous dispersive behaviors under high shear and high haematocrit due to the transient elongation and alignment of the red blood cells (RBCs). In the long-time regime, the NP diffusion tensor features high anisotropy. Particularly, there exists a critical shear rate (${\sim}100~\text{s}^{-1}$) around which the shear-rate dependence of the diffusivity tensor changes from linear to nonlinear scale. Above the critical shear rate, the cross-stream diffusivity terms vary sublinearly with shear rate, while the longitudinal term varies superlinearly. The dependence on haematocrit is linear in general except at high shear rates, where a sublinear scale is found for the vorticity term and a quadratic scale for the longitudinal term. Through analysis of the suspension microstructure and numerical experiments, the nonlinear haemorheological dependence of the NP diffusion tensor is attributed to the streamwise elongation and cross-stream contraction of RBCs under high shear, quantified by a capillary number. The RBC size is shown to be the characteristic length scale affecting the RBC-enhanced shear-induced diffusion (RESID), while the NP submicrometre size exhibits negligible influence on the RESID. Based on the observed scaling behaviours, empirical correlations are proposed to bridge the NP diffusion tensor to specific shear rate and haematocrit. The characterized NP diffusion tensor provides a constitutive relation that can lead to more effective continuum models to tackle large-scale NP biotransport applications.

JFM classification

Biological Fluid Dynamics: Blood flow Multiphase and Particle-laden Flows: Particle/fluid flow Complex Fluids: Suspensions
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 871 , 25 July 2019 , pp. 636 - 667
Copyright
© 2019 Cambridge University Press 

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Liu Supplementary Movie 1

Instantaneous NP-RBC distribution under unbounded simple shear flow at 100 s-1 shear rate and 40% RBC concentration. Views on the left column show all the NPs and RBCs. Views on the right column show only a few RBCs so as to visualize the NP phase and the single RBC morphology.

Download Liu Supplementary Movie 1(Video)
Video 10.4 MB

Liu Supplementary Movie 2

Instantaneous NP-RBC distribution under unbounded simple shear flow at 2000 s-1 shear rate and 40% RBC concentration. Views on the left column show all the NPs and RBCs. Views on the right column show only a few RBCs so as to visualize the NP phase and the single RBC morphology.

Download Liu Supplementary Movie 2(Video)
Video 10.6 MB