Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T07:47:05.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Rent-Protection Explanation for SEO Flotation-Method Choice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2016

Xueping Wu*
Affiliation:
[email protected], City University of Hong Kong, Department of Economics and Finance, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Zheng Wang
Affiliation:
[email protected], Sinolink Securities Co. Limited, Beijing100033, PR China
Jun Yao
Affiliation:
[email protected], Hong Kong Polytechnic University, School of Accounting and Finance, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

We model how a rent-protection motive drives the choice of flotation method in new equity issuance between two polar cases: rights issues and cash offers. Unexpected new blockholders would emerge in control-diluting cash offers and share in jealously guarded control benefits. But rights issues help the incumbent controlling shareholders avoid control dilution and safeguard their private benefits. Under asymmetric information about private benefits, the choice of flotation method can convey information about hidden private benefits and hence firm value. Our model can explain even a negative announcement effect of rights issues, and it supports not just one but three important equilibriums.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Armitage, S. “Discounts in Placing Pre-Renounced Shares in Rights Issues.” Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 34 (2007), 13451369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armitage, S. “Block Buying and Choice of Issue Method in UK Seasoned Equity Offers.” Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 37 (2010), 422448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asquith, P., and Mullins, D.. “Equity Issues and Stock Price Dilution.” Journal of Financial Economics, 15 (1986), 6190.Google Scholar
Balachandran, B.; Faff, R.; and Theobald, M.. “Rights Offerings, Takeup, Renounceability, and Underwriting Status.” Journal of Financial Economics, 89 (2008), 328346.Google Scholar
Barclay, M., and Holderness, C.. “Private Benefits from Control of Public Corporations.” Journal of Financial Economics, 25 (1989), 371395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barclay, M.; Holderness, C.; and Sheehan, D.. “Private Placements and Managerial Entrenchment.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 13 (2007), 461484.Google Scholar
Bebchuk, L. “A Rent-Protection Theory of Corporate Ownership and Control.” Working Paper, National Bureau of Economic Research No. 7203 (1999).Google Scholar
Bennedsen, M., and Wolfenzon, D.. “The Balance of Power in Closely Held Corporations.” Journal of Financial Economics, 58 (2000), 113139.Google Scholar
Bigelli, M. “The Quasi-Split Effect, Active Insiders and the Italian Market Reaction to Equity Rights Issues.” European Financial Management, 4 (1998), 185206.Google Scholar
Bohren, O.; Eckbo, B. E.; and Michalsen, D.. “Why Underwrite Rights Offerings? Some New Evidence.” Journal of Financial Economics, 46 (1997), 223261.Google Scholar
Booth, J., and Smith, R.. “Capital Raising, Underwriting, and the Certification Hypothesis.” Journal of Financial Economics, 15 (1986), 261281.Google Scholar
Borokhovich, K.; Brunarski, K.; Harman, Y.; and Parrino, R.. “Variation in the Monitoring Incentives of Outside Blockholders.” Journal of Law and Economics, 49 (2006), 651680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, M., and Wakeman, L. M.. “The Wealth Effects of Targeted Share Repurchases.” Journal of Financial Economics, 11 (1983), 301328.Google Scholar
Brennan, M., and Franks, J.. “Underpricing, Ownership and Control in Initial Public Offerings of Equity Securities in the UK.” Journal of Financial Economics, 45 (1997), 391413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burkart, M.; Gromb, D.; and Panunzi, F.. “Agency Conflicts in Public and Negotiated Transfers of Corporate Control.” Journal of Finance, 55 (2000), 647677.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, S., and Yan, A.. “Using Innovative Securities under Asymmetric Information: Why Do Some Firms Pay with Contingent Value Rights?” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 43 (2008), 10011036.Google Scholar
Chen, X.; Harford, J.; and Li, K.. “Monitoring: Which Institutions Matter?” Journal of Financial Economics, 86 (2007), 279305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, I.-K., and Kreps, D.. “Signaling Games and Stable Equilibria.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102 (1987), 179221.Google Scholar
Cronqvist, H., and Nilsson, M.. “The Choice between Rights Offerings and Private Equity Placements.” Journal of Financial Economics, 78 (2005), 375407.Google Scholar
Daniel, K., and Titman, S.. “Financing Investment under Asymmetric Information.” In Handbooks in Operational Research and Management Science, Vol. 9, Jarrow, R. A., Ziemba, W. T., and Maksimovic, V., eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland (1995).Google Scholar
Dann, L., and DeAngelo, H.. “Standstill Agreements, Privately Negotiated Stock Repurchases, and the Market for Corporate Control.” Journal of Financial Economics, 11 (1983), 275300.Google Scholar
DeAngelo, H., and DeAngelo, L.. “Managerial Ownership of Voting Rights: A Study of Public Corporations with Dual Classes of Common Stock.” Journal of Financial Economics, 14 (1985), 3369.Google Scholar
Dhatt, M.; Kim, Y. H.; and Mukherji, S.. “Seasoned Equity Issues: The Korean Experience.” Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 4 (1996), 3143.Google Scholar
Dyck, A., and Zingales, L.. “Private Benefits of Control: An International Comparison.” Journal of Finance, 59 (2004), 537600.Google Scholar
Eckbo, B. E., and Masulis, R.. “Adverse Selection and the Rights Offer Paradox.” Journal of Financial Economics, 32 (1992), 293332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckbo, B. E., and Masulis, R.. “Seasoned Equity Offerings: A Survey.” In The Finance Handbook, Vol. 9, Jarrow, R. A., Ziemba, W. T., and Maksimovic, V., eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland (1995).Google Scholar
Gajewski, J.-F., and Ginglinger, E.. “Seasoned Equity Issues in a Closely Held Market: Evidence from France.” European Finance Review, 6 (2002), 291319.Google Scholar
Gomes, A. “Going Public without Governance: Managerial Reputation Effects.” Journal of Finance, 55 (2000), 615646.Google Scholar
Grossman, S. J., and Hart, O.. “One Share–One Vote and the Market for Corporate Control.” Journal of Financial Economics, 20 (1988), 175202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, R. S. “The Demise of the Rights Issue.” Review of Financial Studies, 1 (1988), 289309.Google Scholar
Hansen, R. S., and Pinkerton, J. M.. “Direct Equity Financing: A Resolution of a Paradox.” Journal of Finance, 37 (1982), 651665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, M., and Raviv, A.. “Corporate Governance Voting Rights and Majority Rules.” Journal of Financial Economics, 20 (1988), 201235.Google Scholar
Heinkel, R., and Schwartz, E. S.. “Rights versus Underwritten Offerings: An Asymmetric Information Approach.” Journal of Finance, 41 (1986), 118.Google Scholar
Heron, R., and Lie, E.. “A Comparison of the Motivations for and the Information Content of Different Types of Equity Offerings.” Journal of Business, 77 (2004), 605632.Google Scholar
Hietala, P., and Loyttyniemi, T.. “An Implicit Dividend Increase in Rights Issues: Theory and Evidence.” Working Paper, INSEAD and Helsinki School of Economics (1991).Google Scholar
Himmelberg, C. P.; Hubbard, R. G.; and Palia, D.. “Understanding the Determinants of Managerial Ownership and the Link between Ownership and Performance.” Journal of Financial Economics, 53 (1999), 353383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holderness, C. “A Survey of Blockholders and Corporate Control.” Economic Policy Review, 9 (2003), 5163.Google Scholar
Holderness, C., and Pontiff, J.. “Shareholder Nonparticipation in Valuable Rights Offerings: New Findings for an Old Puzzle.” Journal of Financial Economics, 120 (2016), 252268.Google Scholar
Holmstrom, B., and Tirole, J.. “Market Liquidity and Performance Monitoring.” Journal of Political Economy, 101 (1993), 678709.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. “Agency Costs of Free-Cash-Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers.” American Economic Review, 76 (1986), 323329.Google Scholar
Jung, K.; Kim, Y.; and Stulz, R.. “Timing, Investment Opportunities, Managerial Discretion, and the Security Issue Decision.” Journal of Financial Economics, 42 (1996), 159185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kabir, R., and Roosenboom, P.. “Can the Stock Market Anticipate Future Operating Performance? Evidence from Equity Rights Issues.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 9 (2003), 93113.Google Scholar
Kang, J.-K., and Stulz, R.. “How Different Is Japanese Corporate Finance? An Investigation of the Information Content of New Security Issues.” Review of Financial Studies, 9 (1996), 109139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khanna, T., and Palepu, K.. “Is Group Affiliation Profitable in Emerging Markets? An Analysis of Diversified Indian Business Groups.” Journal of Finance, 55 (2000), 867891.Google Scholar
Ko, C.-E.; Ding, K.-W.; Liu, C.-C.; and Yeh, Y.-H.. “Corporate Governance in Chinese Taipei.” In Corporate Governance in Asia: A Comparative Perspective, Burgeat, E., ed. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2001).Google Scholar
Kothare, M. “The Effects of Equity Issues on Ownership Structure and Stock Liquidity: A Comparison of Rights and Public Offerings.” Journal of Financial Economics, 43 (1997), 131148.Google Scholar
Kreps, D., and Wilson, R.. “Sequential Equilibria.” Econometrica, 50 (1982), 863894.Google Scholar
La Porta, R.; Lopez-de-Silanes, F.; and Shleifer, A.. “Corporate Ownership around the World.” Journal of Finance, 54 (1999), 471517.Google Scholar
Lease, R.; McConnell, J.; and Mikkelson, W.. “The Market Value of Control in Publicly-Traded Corporations.” Journal of Financial Economics, 11 (1983), 439471.Google Scholar
Lee, C.-C.; Poon, W.-C.; and Sinnakkannu, J.. “Why Are Rights Offers in Hong Kong So Different?” Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 26 (2014), 176197.Google Scholar
Loderer, C. F., and Zimmermann, H.. “Stock Offerings in a Different Institutional Setting: The Swiss Case.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 12 (1988), 353378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, A. “Shareholder Wealth Effects of Rights Issues: Evidence from the New Zealand Capital Market.” Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 8 (2000), 419442.Google Scholar
Masulis, R., and Korwar, A.. “Seasoned Equity Offerings: An Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Financial Economics, 15 (1986), 91118.Google Scholar
Mikkelson, W. H., and Partch, M.. “Valuation Effects of Security Offerings and the Issuance Process.” Journal of Financial Economics, 15 (1986), 3060.Google Scholar
Myers, S. “Outside Equity.” Journal of Finance, 55 (2000), 10051037.Google Scholar
Myers, S. “Financing of Corporations.” In Handbook of the Economics of Finance, Constantinides, G., Harris, M., and Stulz, R., eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, North-Holland (2003).Google Scholar
Myers, S., and Majluf, N.. “Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information That Investors Do Not Have.” Journal of Financial Economics, 13 (1984), 187221.Google Scholar
Pagano, M., and Roell, A.. “The Choice of Stock Ownership Structure: Agency Costs, Monitoring and the Decision to Go Public.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 (1998), 187225.Google Scholar
Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R.. “Large Shareholders and Corporate Control.” Journal of Political Economy, 94 (1986), 461488.Google Scholar
Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R.. “A Survey of Corporate Governance.” Journal of Finance, 52 (1997), 737783.Google Scholar
Slovin, M. B.; Sushka, M. E.; and Lai, K. W. L.. “Alternative Flotation Methods, Adverse Selection, and Ownership Structure: Evidence from Seasoned Equity Issuance in the U.K.” Journal of Financial Economics, 57 (2000), 157190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C. “Alternative Methods for Raising Capital Rights versus Underwritten Offerings.” Journal of Financial Economics, 8 (1977), 273307.Google Scholar
Smith, C. “Investment Banking and the Capital Acquisition Process.” Journal of Financial Economics, 15 (1986), 329.Google Scholar
Stulz, R. “Managerial Control of Voting Rights: Financing Policies and the Market for Corporate Control.” Journal of Financial Economics, 20 (1988), 2554.Google Scholar
Suzuki, K. “Seasoned Equity Offerings in the UK, Usage of Funds, Method of Issue and Share Price Reaction of Issuers.” PhD Dissertation, London Business School (1999).Google Scholar
Tsangarakis, N. “Shareholder Wealth Effects of Equity Issues in Emerging Markets: Evidence from Rights Offerings in Greece.” Financial Management, 25 (1996), 2132.Google Scholar
Ursel, N. “Rights Offerings and Corporate Financial Condition.” Financial Management, 35 (2006), 3152.Google Scholar
Wu, X., and Au Yeung, C. K.. “Firm Growth Type and Capital Structure Persistence.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 36 (2012), 34273443.Google Scholar
Wu, X., and Wang, Z.. “Why Do Managers Choose Value Destroying Rights Offerings? Evidence from Hong Kong.” Working Paper, City University of Hong Kong (2002).Google Scholar
Wu, X., and Wang, Z.. “Equity Financing in a Myers–Majluf Framework with Private Benefits of Control.” Journal of Corporate Financing, 11 (2005), 914945.Google Scholar
Wu, X.; Wang, Z.; and Yao, J.. “Understanding the Positive Announcement Effects of the Private Equity Placements: New Insights from Hong Kong Data.” Review of Finance, 9 (2005), 385414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, Y. L. “The Choice of Equity-Selling Mechanisms.” Journal of Financial Economics, 74 (2004), 93119.Google Scholar
Zingales, L. “The Value of the Voting Right: A Study of the Milan Stock Exchange Experience.” Review of Financial Studies, 7 (1994), 125148.Google Scholar
Zingales, L. “Insider Ownership and the Decision to Go Public.” Review of Economic Studies, 62 (1995), 452–448.Google Scholar