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At the Interface of Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics: Indo-European Dispersals and the agricultural transition in Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Marek Zvelebil
Marek Zvelebil*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield, West Street, Sheffield, S1 4ET, Great Britain
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Abstract

Indo-European languages are believed to have spread through population movements from the original epicentre. In recent years, this diffusion and divergence of languages from the ∗proto-Indo-European mother tongue has been identified with the dispersal of farming populations from the region of Anatolia/northern Iran, who are held (e.g. by Renfrew) to have gradually colonised Europe between c. 6000 and 3000 bc. It is here argued that this was not necessarily the case, and an alternative explanation for the divergence of Indo-European languages is presented, based on contact, exchange, trade, and intermarriage. Linguistic models for contact-induced language change, the archaeological evidence for such contacts at the transition to farming in Europe, and evidence for the adoption of farming by the local, hunter-gatherer populations are discussed. This leads to the formulation of the ‘Neolithic creolisation hypothesis’. The paper finally suggests a scheme for the divergence of the Indo-European languages following this hypothesis and discusses the linguistic implications.

Die indoeuropäischen Sprachen haben sich angeblich durch Völkerwanderungen von ihrer Urheimat ausgebreitet. Diese Diffusion und Ausplitterung von Sprachen, die vom ∗Proto-Indo-europäischen abstammen, ist jüngst mit der Ausbreitung der Landwirtschaft betreibenden Völker verbunden worden; von diesen wird angenommen (z. B. von Renfrew), daß sie zwischen circa 6.000 und 3.000 bc von Anatolien/Nord-Iran aus Europa kolonisiert haben. Hier wird argumentiert, daß das nicht unbedingt der Fall war, und stattdessen wird eine alternative Erklärung für die Ausbreitung der indoeuropäischen Sprachen vorgestellt, die auf Kontakt, Austausch, Handel und Heirat zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen abhebt. Diskutiert werden linguistische Modelle für Sprachwandel, der durch Kontakte herbeigeführt wird, archäologische Quellen, die solche Kontakte zur Zeit des Übergangs zur Landwirtschaft in Europa belegen sowie die Befunde, für die Übernahme der Landwirtschaft durch lokale Jäger- und Sammlerpopulationen. Dies mündet in die Formulierung einer ‘neolithischen Kreolisierungshypothese’. Der Autor schlägt am Ende ein Schema für die Aufsplitterung der indoeuropäischen Sprachen vor, das dieser Hypothese entspricht, und diskutiert dessen linguistische Implikationen.

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Articles
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Journal of European Archaeology , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , Spring 1995 , pp. 33 - 70
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Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 

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