Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T01:37:39.583Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Time Spent in Home Production in the Twentieth-Century United States: New Estimates from Old Data

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2009

Valerie A. Ramey*
Affiliation:
Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, 0508, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0508, and Research Associate, NBER. E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract

This article presents new estimates of time spent in home production in the United States during the twentieth century. Historical time-diary studies for various segments of the population are linked to estimates from recent time use surveys. The new estimates suggest that time spent in home production by prime-age women fell by around six hours from 1900 to 1965 and by another 12 hours from 1965 to 2005. Time spent by prime-age men rose by 13 hours from 1900 to 2005. Average across the entire population, per capita time spent in home production increased slightly over the century.

Type
ARTICLES
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aguiar, Mark, and Hurst, Erik. “Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122, no. 3 (2007): 9691006.Google Scholar
Albanesi, Stefania, and Olivetti, Claudia. “ Gender Roles and Technological Progress.” NBER working paper No. 13179, Cambridge, MA, June 2007.Google Scholar
Arnquist, Inez F., and Roberts, Evelyn H.. “The Present Use of Work Time of Farm Homemakers.” State College of Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman, Washington Bulletin No. 234, July 1929.Google Scholar
Bailey, Martha J., and Collins, William J.. “Household Production Technology and the American Baby Boom.” working paper, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, April 2008.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary S.A Theory of the Allocation of Time.” Economic Journal 75, no. 299 (1965): 493517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bittman, Michael, Hahmud Rice, James, and Wajcman, Judy. “Appliances and their impact: the ownership of domestic technology and time spent on household work.” The British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 3 (2004): 401–23.Google Scholar
Bryant, W. Keith. “A Comparison of the Household Work of Married Females: The Mid-1920s and the Late 1960s.” Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 24, no. 4 (June 1996): 358–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, Glen G.Women and Work: Trends in Time Spent in Housework.” IRP Discussion Papers DP #747–84, University of Wisconsin-Madison, April 1984.Google Scholar
Caplow, Theodore et al. Middletown Families: Fifty Years of Change and Continuity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Cowan, Ruth Schwartz. More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave. New York: Basic Books, 1983.Google Scholar
Cowles, May L., and Dietz, Ruth P.. “Time Spent in Homemaking Activities by a Selected Group of Wisconsin Farm Homemakers.” Journal of Home Economics 48, no. 1 (Jan. 1956): 2934.Google Scholar
Crawford, Ina Z.The Use of Time by Farm Women. University of Idaho Agricultural Experimental Station. Department of Home Economics Bulletin No.146, January 1927.Google Scholar
Dickins, Dorothy. Time Activities in Homemaking. Mississippi State College Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 424, October 1945.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert William. The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Folbre, Nancy, and Nelson, Julie. “For Love or Money–Or Both?Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (Autumn 2000): 123–40.Google Scholar
Fox, John F.Leisure-Time Social Backgrounds in a Suburban Community.” Journal of Educational Sociology 7, no. 8 (April 1934): 493503.Google Scholar
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Home: Its Work and Influence. London: William Heinemann, 1904. Available at http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/h/hearth/.Google Scholar
Greenwood, Jeremy, Seshadri, Ananth, and Vandenbroucke, Guillaume. “The Baby Boom and Baby Bust.” American Economic Review 95, no. 1 (March 2005b): 183207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, Jeremy, Seshadri, Ananth, and Yorukoglu, Mehmet. “Engines of Liberation.” Review of Economic Studies 72, no. 1 (January 2005a): 109–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, Jeremy, and Vandenbroucke, Guillaume. “Hours Worked: Long-Run Trends.” NBER working paper No. 11629, Cambridge, MA, September 2005.Google Scholar
Hansen, Annie L.Two Years as a Domestic Educator in Buffalo, New York.” Journal of Home Economics 5, no. 5 (December 1913): 435–37. Available online at http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/h/hearth/.Google Scholar
Hartmann, Heidi. Capitalism and Women's Work in the Home, 1900–1930. Ph.D. diss., Yale University, December 1974.Google Scholar
Hendry, David F.Econometrics: Alchemy or Science? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Historical Statistics of the United States, Millennial Online Edition. Available online at http://hsus.cambridge.org/HSUSWeb/HSUSEntryServlet.Google Scholar
Hofferth, Sandra L., and Sandberg, John F.. “Changes in American Children's Time, 1981–1997.” in Children at the Millennium: Where Have We Come From, Where are we Going? Advances in Life Course Research, edited by Owens, T. and Hofferth, S., 193229. New York: Elsevier Science, 2001.Google Scholar
Jones, Larry E., Manuelli, Rodolfo E., and McGrattan, Ellen R.. “Why are Married Women Working So Much?” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Staff Report 317, June 2003.Google Scholar
Juster, F. Thomas, and Stafford, Frank P., eds. Time, Goods, and Well-Being. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Juster, F. Thomas, and Stafford, Frank P. eds. “The Allocation of Time: Empirical Findings, Behavioral Models, and the Problems of Measurement.” Journal of Economic Literature 29, no. 2 (June 1991): 471522.Google Scholar
Kendrick, John W.Productivity Trends in the United States. Princeton, NJ: NBER and Princeton University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, Ellis Lore. “The Farmer's Standard of Living: A Socioeconomic Study of 2,886 White Farm Families of Selected Localities in 11 States.” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department Bulletin, No. 1466, November 1926.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, Ellis Lore. The Farmer's Standard of Living. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1971.Google Scholar
Kline, Ronald R.Ideology and Social Surveys: Reinterpreting the Effects of ‘Laborsaving’ Technology on American Farm Women.” Technology and Culture 38, no. 2 (April 1997): 355–85.Google Scholar
Kneeland, Hildgard. “What's new in agriculture.” Yearbook of Agriculture, 1928. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 620–22.Google Scholar
Kuschke, Blanche M.Allocation of Time by Employed Married Women in Rhode Island. Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 267. Kingston: Rhode Island State College, 1938.Google Scholar
Lebergott, Stanley. The American Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Lebergott, Stanley. Pursuing Happiness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Lee, Yun-Suk, and Waite, Linda J.. “Husbands' and Wives' Time Spent on Housework: A Comparison of Measures.” Journal of Marriage and Family 67, no. 2 (May 2005): 328–36.Google Scholar
Leeds, John B.The Household Budget: With a Special Inquiry into the Amount and Value of Household Work.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1917. Available at http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idxƑc=hearth;idno=4217462.Google Scholar
Long, Clarence. The Labor Force under Changing Income and Employment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1958.Google Scholar
Lundberg, George A., Komarovsky, Mirra, and Alice McInerny, Mary. Leisure: A Suburban Study. New York: Columbia University Press, 1934.Google Scholar
Lynd, Robert S., and Merrell Lynd, Helen. Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1929.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “Why was There More Work for Mother? Technological Change and the Household, 1880–1930.” This Journal 60, no. 1 (March 2000): 140.Google Scholar
Nelson, Janet Fowler. Leisure-Time Interests and Activities of Business Girls: A Research Study. New York: The Womans Press, 1933.Google Scholar
Ngai, Rachel, and Pissarides, Christopher. “Trends in Hours and Economic Growth.” Review of Economic Dynamics 11, no. 2 (April 2008): 239–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, John D.Working Lives: The American Work Force since 1920. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1986.Google Scholar
Ramey, Valerie A., and Francis, Neville. “A Century of Work and Leisure.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Reeves, Maud Pember. Round about a Pound a Week. London: G. Bell & Sons Limited, 1913.Google Scholar
Reid, Margaret G.Economics of Household Production. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1934.Google Scholar
Richardson, Jessie E. “The Use of Time by Rural Homemakers in Montana.” Montana State College Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 271, February 1933.Google Scholar
Robinson, John P., and Converse, Philip E.. “Social Change Reflected in the Use of Time.” in The Human Meaning of Social Change, edited by Campbell, Angus and Converse, Philip E.. Hartford: Connecticut Printers, Inc., 1972.Google Scholar
Robinson, John P., and Godbey, Geoffrey. Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use their Time. 2nd edition. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Ruggles, Steven, et al. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0 [Machine-readable database]. Minneapolis: Minnesota Population Center [producer and distributor], 2004. http://usa.ipums.org/usa.Google Scholar
Stigler, George J.Domestic Servants in the United States, 1900–1940. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1946.Google Scholar
Sundstrom, William A. “Hours and Working Conditions.” In Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present, Millennial Edition, eds. Carter, Susan B. et al. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Timmer, Susan Goff, Eccles, Jacquelynne, and O'Brien, Kerth. “How Children Use Time.” in Time, Goods, and Well-Being, edited by Juster, F. Thomas and Stafford, Frank P., 353–82. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1985.Google Scholar
United States Census, . Statistical Abstract: Historical Statistics. Available at http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/hist_stats.html.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Administration, Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics, . The Time Costs of Homemaking–A Study of 1,500 Rural and Urban Households. manuscript, 1944.Google Scholar
Vanek, Joann. “Keeping Busy: Time Spent in Housework, United States, 1920–1970.” Ph.D. diss., The University of Michigan, 1973.Google Scholar
Vanek, Joann. “Time Spent in Housework.” Scientific American 231, no. 5 (May 1974): 116–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Kathryn E.“Homemaking Still Takes Time.” Journal of Home Economics 61, no. 8 (October 1969): 621–24.Google Scholar
Walker, Kathryn E., and Woods, Margaret. Time Use: A Measure of Household Production of Family Goods and Services. Washington, DC: The American Home Economics Association, 1976.Google Scholar
Ward, Florence. “The Farm Woman's Problems.” Journal of Home Economics 12, no. 10 (1920): 437–57.Google Scholar
Weir, David L. “A Century of U.S. Unemployment, 1890–1990: Revised Estimates and Evidence for Stabilization.” in Research in Economic History. 14, edited by Ransom, Roger L., 301–46. Greenwich, CT and London: JAI Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Wiegand, E.Use of Time by Full-Time and Part-Time Homemakers in Relation to Home Management. Cornell University, Agriculture Experimental Station Memoir, 330, 1954.Google Scholar
Wiley, J. et al. “Activity Patterns of California Residents.” Final Report under contract No. A6-177-33, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, 1991.Google Scholar
Wilson, Maud. The Use of Time by Oregon Farm Homemakers. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 256. Corvallis: Oregon State Agricultural College, 1929.Google Scholar
Wilson, Maud. Present Use of Time in Households and by Homemakers: Complete Report of Purnell Study. Oregon State Agricultural Experiment Station, 193-.Google Scholar