Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 May 2010
The steel industry of Wilhelminian Germany is especially known for its tariff protection; its anti-competitive collusion, and the rapid increases of its productivity and its output. This study analyzes the interdependence of these four phenomena. The tariffs and cartels were directly symbiotic in providing protection, which had substantial redistributive effects in favor of larger firms. The restriction of competition by tariffs and cartels may have contributed to the productivity advances of the German steel industry by reducing the riskiness of capital-intensive technologies. Productivity increases made a major contribution to the industry's growth.
The author is Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Michigan. For their advice and counsel, he wishes to thank Arcadius Kalian and Donald McCloskey. Lon Peters, George Stigler, the Economic History Workshops at the Universitites of Chicago and of Michigan, and two anonymous referees also provided helpful comments and criticism. He also thanks several German firms and their archivists, who generously allowed him to pore over their collections: Lutz Hatzfeld (Mannesmann), Bodo Herzog (Gutehoffnungshutte), Renate Kohne (Krupp), and Gertrud Milkereit (Thyssen). The German Academic Exchange Service and the Social Science Research Council provided financial support for this research.
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