Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 May 2010
Twenty years ago Professor Frederic C. Lane recognized the close connection between economics and political history and suggested that it is impossible to understand fully the first without some understanding of the second. Relatively little work has been done in that area over the ensuing two decades. In that period both social and political historians have become more quantitative, and although their work has permitted us to discuss some alleged explanations of social and political development, it has not really produced viable alternatives. This failure is linked with the theoretical nature of the analysis. Although there does not appear to be a useful body of theory in sociology, positive political science offers such a structure for our understanding of political history.
1 The Conrad and Meyer article is certainly the one most frequently included in collections of the new economic history, and most practitioners appear to assign it historical precedence. Fogel and Engerman, for example, argue, “If any single essay can be identified as the study that launched the New Economic History it is ‘The Economics of Slavery in the Ante Bellum South’ by Alfred H. Conrad and John R. Meyer.” Fogel, Robert W. and Engerman, Stanley L., The Reinterpretation of American Economic History (New York, 1971), p. 310Google Scholar.
2 Lane, Frederic C., “Economic Consequences of Organized Violence,” this Journal, 18 (Dec. 1958), 401–17Google Scholar.
3 Ibid., 402.
4 The recent interest can be traced almost entirely to the work of Douglass North and his students.
5 I should note that Morgan Kousser disagrees with this interpretation.
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7 Thernstrom, Stephan, The Other Bostonians: Poverty in Progress in the American Metropolis (Cambridge, MA, 1973Google Scholar); Thernstrom, , “Religion and Occupational Mobility in Boston, 1880–1963,” in Aydelotte, William O., Bogue, Allan G., and Fogel, Robert W., eds., The Dimensions of Quantitative Research in History (Princeton, 1972Google Scholar).
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9 The work traces back to the political scientist Key, V. O. Jr., “A Theory of Critical Elections,” Journal of Politics, 17 (Feb. 1955), 3–18Google Scholar. A good short bibliography is available in Silbey, Joel H., Bogue, Allan G. and Flanigan, William, eds., The History of American Electoral Behavior (Princeton, 1978Google Scholar). Of particular interest are Clubb, Jerome M. and Allen, Howard W., “The Cities and the Election of 1928; Partisan Realignment?” American Historical Review, 74 (Apr. 1969), 1205–20Google Scholar; Jensen, Richard J., The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (Chicago, 1971)Google Scholar; and Kleppner, Paul, The Cross of Culture: A Social Analysis of Midwestern Politics, 1850–1900, 3rd ed. (New York, 1970)Google Scholar. Two recent pieces provide evidence on the scope of the work. See Walter Dean Burnham, Jerome Clubb, and William Flanigan, “Partisan Realignment: A Systematic Approach,” and Lee Benson, Joel H. Silbey, and Phyllis F. Field, “Toward a Theory of Stability and Change in American Voting Patterns: New York State, 1792–1970,” pp. 45–77 and 78–105, respectively, in Silbey, , Bogue, , and Flanigan, , eds., The History of American Electoral Behavior (Princeton, 1978Google Scholar).
10 A thoughtful but perhaps overly sympathetic review of the ethnocultural literature can be found in Wright, James, “The Ethnocultural Model of Voting: A Behavioral and Historical Critique,” in Bogue, Allan G., ed., Emerging Theoretical Models in Social and Political History (Beverly Hills, 1973)Google Scholar. The innovation of the technique was by Benson, Lee in The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case (Princeton, 1960Google Scholar).
11 Ibid. The structure of the conceptual scheme is discussed at length in Merton, Robert, Social Theory and Social Structure (New York, 1968Google Scholar), chs. 10 and 11.
12 This question is discussed explicitly by Merton: “In groups and out groups are often subgroups within a larger social organization, and are always potentially so, since a new social integration can encourage previously separate groups” (Social Theory and Social Structure, pp. 298–99).
13 Allan G. Bogue, “Some Dimensions of Power in the Thirty-Seventh Senate,” and William O. Aydelotte, “The Disintegration of the Conservative Party in the 1840's: A Study of Political Attitude,” both in Aydelotte, Bogue, and Fogel, eds., The Dimensions of Quantitative Research in History.
14 See the above, plus Alexander, Thomas B., Sectional Stress and Party Strength: A Study of Roll Call Voting Patterns with United States House of Representatives, 1836–1860 (Nashville, 1967)Google Scholar, and Silbey, Joel, The Shrine of Party: Congressional Voting Behavior, 1841–1852 (Pittsburgh, 1967)Google Scholar.
15 An area my colleague, Charles Plott, calls polinomics, taught perhaps, as Kousser suggests, by polygnomes.
16 See, for example, Gunderson, Gerald, “The Origins of the American Civil War,” this Journal, 34 (Dec. 1974), 915–50Google Scholar; Reid, Joseph D. Jr., “Economic Burden: Spark of the American Revolution?” this Journal, 38 (March 1978), 81–100Google Scholar.
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18 Polsby, Nelson, “The Institutionalization of the United States House of Representatives,” American Political Science Review, 62 (March 1968), 144–168Google Scholar, and Downs, Anthony, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York, 1957Google Scholar).
19 Downs, Economic Theory; Riker, William H., “Arrow's Theorem and Some Examples of the Paradox of Voting,” in Mathematical Applications in Political Science, 1 (Dallas, 1965)Google Scholar, and Riker, William H., The Theory of Political Coalitions (New Haven, 1962Google Scholar).
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33 William O. Aydelotte, “Constituency Influence on the British House of Commons,1841–1847,” pp. 225–46, in Aydelotte, W. O., ed., The History of Parliamentary Behavior (Princeton, 1977Google Scholar).
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38 The assertion is attributed to Aaron Director and it is a part of the empirical evidence cited in support of “Director's Law.” See Stigler, George, “Director's Law of Public Income Redistribution,” The Journal of Law and Economics, 13 (Apr. 1970), 1–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar.