Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T23:00:55.813Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Home Demand and British Industrialization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

Sara Horrell
Sara Horrell
Affiliation:
Lecturer in the Faculty of Economics and Politics, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 9DD, United Kingdom
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Household budget studies are used to assess working-class demand for manufactures over industrialization. Contrary to demand-side proponents, increased urbanization, enhanced opportunities for women's and children's work, and a declining subsistence sector all retrenched consumption patterns into demand for the products of traditional industries and decreased demand for the products of new manufacturing industries. However, consideration of national expenditure on necessities shows an increasing surplus available for discretionary expenditure between 1801 and 1841. This reflects an increased purchasing power of the middle and upper classes that may have manifested itself as substantially increased demand for domestic manufactures.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Economic History , Volume 56 , Issue 3 , September 1996 , pp. 561 - 604
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Allen, Robert C.Enclosure and the Yeoman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Anderson, Michael. Family Structure in Nineteenth Century Lancashire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Ashworth, Henry. “Depression of Trade at Bolton.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London 5 (1842): 74–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnsby, George J. “The Standard of Living in the Black Country during the Nineteenth Century.” Economic History Review 24, no. 2 (1971): 220–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, John. British Coalminers in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History. Harlow: Longman, 1980.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine. Markets and Manufactures in Early Industrial Europe. London: Routledge, 1991.Google Scholar
Bosanquet, S. R.The Rights of the Poor and Christian Alms Giving Vindicated (1841).Google Scholar
Bowley, A. L. “The Statistics of Wages in the United Kingdom in the Last Hundred Years. I. Agricultural Wages.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 61 (1898): 702–22.Google Scholar
Bowley, A. L. “The Statistics of Wages in the United Kingdom in the Last Hundred Years. IX. Wages in the Worsted and Woollen Trades of the West Riding of Yorkshire.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (1902): 102–26.Google Scholar
Burnett, John. Plenty and Want: A Social Histoy of Food in England from 1815 to the Present Day. 3d ed.London: Routledge, 1989.Google Scholar
Campbell, Alan B.The Lanarkshire Miners: A Social History of Their Trade Unions 1775–1974. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1979.Google Scholar
Chadwick, David't “On The Rate of Wages in Manchester and Salford and the Manufacturing Districts of Lancashire 1839–1859.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London 23 (1860): 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Church, Roy Anthony. The History of the British Coal Industiy. Vol. 3. 1830–1913. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Clark, Gregory. “Yields per Acre in English Agriculture 1250–1860: Evidence from Labour Inputs.” Economic History Review 44, no. 3 (1991): 445–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Gregory, Michael, Huberman, Peter, Lindert. “A British Food Puzzle.” Economic History Review 48, no. 2 (1995): 215–37.Google Scholar
Cole, W. A. “Factors in Demand 1700–1780.” In The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 1,1700–1860 edited by Floud, Roderick and McCloskey, D. N., 36–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Copperthwaite, William Charles. “Statistics of Old and New Malton.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London 8 (1845): 66–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R. “Income Elasticities of Demand and the Release of Labour by Agriculture during the British Industrial Revolution.” Journal of European Economic History 9 (spring 1980): 153–68.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R. “Regional Price Variations in England in 1843: An Aspect of the Standard of Living Debate.” Explorations in Economic History 19, no. 1 (1982): 51–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R. “English Workers’ Real Wages During the Industrial Revolution: Some Remaining Problems.” this Journal 45, no. 1 (1985): 139–44.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R.British Economic Growth During the Industrial Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R. “British Economic Growth 1700–1850: Some Difficulties of Interpretation.” Explorations in Economic History 24 (1987): 245–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R. and Harley, C. K.. “Output Growth and the British Industrial Revolution: A Restatement of the Crafts-Harley View.” Economic History Review 45, no. 4 (1992): 703–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danson, J. T. “A Contribution Towards an Investigation of the Changes which Have Taken Place in the Condition of the People of the United Kingdom During the Eight Years Extending from the Harvest of 1839 to the Harvest of 1847; and an Attempt to Develop the Connexion (if any) between the Changes Observed and the Variations Occuring During the Same Period in the Prices of the Most Necessary Articles of Food.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London 11 (1848): 101–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, David. The Case of Labourers in Husbandry. London: G. G. & J. Robinson, 1795.Google Scholar
Davis, Ralph. The Industrial Revolution and British Overseas Trade. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
de Vries, Jan. “Between Purchasing Power and the World of Goods: Understanding the Household Economy in Early Modern Europe.” In Consumption and the World of Goods edited by Brewer, John and Roy, Porter, 85–132. London: Routledge, 1993.Google Scholar
de Vries, Jan. “The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution.” this Journal 54, no. 2 (1994): 249–70.Google Scholar
Deane, Phyllis. The First Industrial Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Deane, Phyllis and Cole, W. A.. British Economic Growth, 1688–1959. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Deaton, Angus, and Muellbauer, John. “An Almost Ideal Demand System.” American Economic Review 70, no. 2 (1980): 312–36.Google Scholar
Dingle, Anthony Edward. “Drink and Working-Class Living Standards in Britain 1870–1914.” In The Making of the Modem British Diet, edited by Oddy, Derek J. and Miller, Derek S., 117–34. London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1976.Google Scholar
Eden, Sir Frederic Morton. The State of the Poor: A History of the Labouring Classes in England, with Parochial Reports. Edited by Rogers, A. G. L.. London: Routledge, 1928.Google Scholar
Eversley, D. E. C. “The Home Market and Economic Growth in England, 1750–1780.” In Land, Labour and Population in the Industrial Revolution, edited by Jones, E. L. and Mingay, G. E.. London: E. Arnold, 1967.Google Scholar
Feinstein, Charles H. “The Rise and Fall of the Williamson Curve.” this Journal 48, no. 3 (1988): 699–729.Google Scholar
Feinstein, Charles H. “Changes in Nominal Wages, the Cost of Living and Real Wages in the United Kingdom over Two Centuries, 1780–1990.”. In Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th- and 20th-Century Europe, edited by Scholiers, Peter and Zamagni, Vera, 3–36. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1995.Google Scholar
Fine, Ben and Ellen, Leopold. “Consumerism and the Industrial Revolution.” Social History 15, no. 2 (1990): 151–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleischman, Richard K.. Conditions of Life Among the Cotton Workers of Southeastern Lancashire During the Industrial Revolution 1780–1850. New York: Garland, 1985.Google Scholar
Flin, M. W.The History of the British Coal Industry. Vol. 2. 1700–1830. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Gayer, Arthur D., Rostow, W. W., and Anna, Jacobson Schwartz. The Growth and Fluctuations of the British Economy, 1790–1850. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953.Google Scholar
Gilboy, Elizabeth Waterman. “Demand as a Factor in the Industrial Revolution”. In The Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England, edited by Hartwell, R. M., 121–38. London: Methuen, 1967.Google Scholar
Hammond, J. L., and Hammond, Barbara. The Town Labourer. London: Longman, 1978.Google Scholar
Horrell, Sara, and Jane, Humphries. “Old Questions, New Data and Alternative Perspectives: Families’ Living Standards in the Industrial Revolution.” this Journal 52, no. 4 (1992): 849–80.Google Scholar
Horrell, Sara, and Jane, Humphries. “Women's Labour Force Participation and the Transition to the Male Breadwinner Family, 1790–1865.” Economic History Review 48, no. 1 (1995): 89–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horrell, Sara, and Jane, Humphries. “‘The Exploitation of Little Children’: Child Labor and the Family Economy in the Industrial Revolution.” Explorations in Economic History 32, no. 3 (1995): 485–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horrell, Sara, Jane, Humphries, and Martin, Weale. “An Input-Output Table for 1841.” Economic History Review 47, no. 3 (1994): 545–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, Ellic. The London Compositor 1785–1900. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947.Google Scholar
Hudson, Pat. The Industrial Revolution. London: Edward Arnold, 1992.Google Scholar
Humphries, Jane. “Enclosures, Common Rights and Women: The Proletarianization of Families in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries.” this Journal 50, no. 1 (1990): 17–42.Google Scholar
Hunt, E. H. “Industrialization and Regional Inequality: Wages in Britain 1760–1914.” this Journal 46, no. 4 (1986): 935–66.Google Scholar
Kiesling, Lynn. “Institutions, Insurance, and Informal Methods of Income Assistance During the Lancashire Cotton Famine.” Mimeo, 1993.Google Scholar
Koenker, Roger. “Was Bread ‘Giffen’? The Demand for Food in England circa 1790”. Review of Economics and Statistics 49 (1977): 225–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peter, Laslett, and Wall, Richard, eds. Household and Family in Past Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Lee, Clive. British Regional Employment Statistics, 1814–1971. Cambridge University Pres, 1979.Google Scholar
Lees, Lynn Hollen. “Getting and Spending: the Family Budgets of English Industrial Workers in 1890.” In Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth Centuiy Europe, edited by Merriman, John M., 169–86. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979.Google Scholar
Lemon, Sir C. “Notes on the Agricultural Produce of Cornwall.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London 4 (1841): 197–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, Play Frederic. Les Ouvriers Europeéns. Vol. 3. Paris: Alfred Mame et fils, 1877.Google Scholar
Levine, David. Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism. New York: Academic Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. “English Occupations, 1670–1811.” this Journal 40, no. 4 (1980): 685–712.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H., “English Living Standards, Population Growth and Wrigley-Schofield.” Explorations in Economic History 20, no. 1 (1983): 31–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindert, Peter H., and Jeffrey, G. Williamson. “Revising England's Social Tables 1688–1812.” Explorations in Economic History 19, no. 1 (1982): 385–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindert, Peter H., and Jeffrey, G. Williamson. “English Workers’ Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: a New Look”. Economic History Review 36, no. 1 (1983): 1–25.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H., and Jeffrey, G. Williamson. “English Workers’ Real Wages: Reply to Crafts.” this Journal 45, no. 1 (1985): 145–53.Google Scholar
McKendrick, Neil. “Home Demand and Economic Growth: A New View of the Role of Women and Children in the Industrial Revolution”. In Historical Perspectives: Studies in English Thought and Society in Honour of J. H. Plumb, edited by McKendrick, Neil, 152–210. London: Europa Publications, 1974.Google Scholar
Mathias, Peter. The Brewing Industry in England, 1700–1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959.Google Scholar
Matthews, R. C. O.A Study in Trade-Cycle History: Economic Fluctuations in Great Britain 1833–1842. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.Google Scholar
Mitchell, B. R.British Historical Statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Mitchell, B. R. and Phyllis, Deane. Abstract of British Historical Statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “Demand vs Supply in the Industrial Revolution.” In The Economics of the Industrial Revolution, edited by Mokyr, Joel, 97–118. London: Rowman & Allanheld, 1985.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “Has the Industrial Revolution been Crowded Out? Some Reflections on Crafts and Williamson.” Explorations in Economic History 24, no. 2 (1987): 293–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “Is There Still Life in the Pessimist Case? Consumption during the Industrial Revolution, 1790–1850.” this Journal 48, no. 1 (1988): 69–92.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “The New Economic History and the Industrial Revolution”. In The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective, edited by Mokyr, Joel, 1–31. Boulder: West View Pres, 1993.Google Scholar
Nash, Robert C. “The English and Scottish Tobacco Trades in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Legal and Illegal Trade.” Economic History Review 35, no. 3 (1982): 354–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neale, R. S. “The Standard of Living, 1780–1844: A Regional and Class Study”. Economic History Review 19, no. 4 (1966): 590–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neild, William. “Comparative Statement of the Income and Expenditure of Certain Families of the Working Classes in Manchester and Dukinfield, in the Years 1836 and 1841.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London 5 (1842): 320–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, Patrick. “Agriculture and the Home Market for English Industry, 1660–1820.” English Historical Review 394 (1985): 773–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perren, Richard. The Meat Trade in Britain 1840–1914. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.Google Scholar
Perren, Richard. “Structural Change and Market Growth in the Food Industiy: Flour Milling in Britain, Europe and America 1850–1914.” Economic Histoiy Review 43, no. 3 (1990): 420–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps-Brown, E. H., and Sheila, V. Hopkins. “Seven Centuries of Building Wages.” Economica 22 (1955): 195–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinchbeck, Ivy. Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution. New York: Cass, 1969.Google Scholar
Pinchbeck, Ivy, and Margaret, Hewitt. Children in English Society. Vol. 2. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.Google Scholar
A Plain Statement of the Case of the Labourer for the Consideration of the Yeomen and Gentlemen of the Southern Districts of England. London: Whittacker, Treader and Arnot, 1830.Google Scholar
Porter, G. R.The Progress of the Nation. London: John Murray, 1851.Google Scholar
Purdy, Frederick. “On the Earnings of Agricultural Labourers in England and Wales, 1860.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London 24 (1861): 328–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rew, R. Henry. “Memorandum on Some Estimates Made by Various Authorities on the Production of Meat and Milk.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 45 (1902): 666–79.Google Scholar
Roberts, Elizabeth. “Working-Class Standards of Living in Barrow and Lancaster, 1890–1914.” Economic History Review 30, no. 2 (1977): 306–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotella, Elyce J. “Women's Labor Force Participation and the Decline of the Family Economy in the United States.” Explorations in Economic History 17, no. 1 (1980): 95–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salaman, R. N.The History and Social Influence of the Potato. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1949.Google Scholar
Scrope, George Poulett. Political Economy Versus the Handloom Weavers: The Letter of George Poulett Scrope Esq. M.P. to the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Handloom Worsted Weavers of the West Riding of York with their Answer to the Same. Bradford: W. Wardman.Google Scholar
Shammas, Carole. “Food Expenditures and Economic Well-Being in Early Modern England.” this Journal 43, no. 1 (1983): 89–100.Google Scholar
Shammas, Carole. “The Eighteenth-Century English Diet and Economic Change.” Explorations in Economic History 21, no. 2 (1984): 254–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sokoll, Thomas. “Early Attempts at Accounting the Unaccountable: Davies’ and Eden's Budgets of Agricultural Labouring Families in Late Eighteenth-Century England”. In Zur Okonomik des Privaten Haushalts, edited by Toni, Pierenkemper, 34–58. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1991.Google Scholar
Stigler, George J. “The Early History of Empirical Studies of Consumer Behavior.” Journal of Political Economy 42, no. 1 (1954): 95–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supple, Barry. “Legislation and Virtue: An Essay on Working-Class Self-Help and the State in the Early Nineteenth Century.” In Historical Perspectives: Studies in English Thought and Society, edited by McKendrick, Neil, 211–54. London: Europa Publications, 1974.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P.The Making of the English Working Class. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1963.Google Scholar
Thompson, F. M. L. “Nineteenth-Century Horse Sense.” Economic History Review 29, no. 1 (1976): 60–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, F. M. L. “Horses and Hay in Britain 1830–1918.” In Horses in European Economic History: A Preliminary Canter, edited by Thompson, F. M. L., 50–72. Reading: British Agricultural History Society, 1983.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. Parliament. “Second Report from the Select Committee on Emigration from the United Kingdom, Minutes of Evidence,.” Parliamentary Papers. 1826–1827, Vol. 5.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. Parliament. “Minutes of Evidence before the Select Committee on Manufactures, Commerce and Shipping.” Parliamentary Papers. 1833, Vol. 6.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. Parliament. “Report from the Select Committee on Handloom Weavers’ Petitions with the Minutes of Evidence.” Parliamentary Papers. 1834, Vol. 10.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. Parliament. “Report from the Commissioners on the Poor Law, Reports of Assistant Commissioners, Appendix A.” Parliamentary Papers. 1834, Vol. 28.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. Parliament. “Reports from the Assistant Commissioners on Handloom Weavers.” Parliamentary Papers. 1840, Vol. 23.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. Parliament. “Children's Employment Commission (Mines), Appendix to the First Report of Commissioners” Parliamentary Papers. 1842, Vol. 16.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. Parliament. “Children's Employment Commission (Mines), Appendix to the First Report of Commissioners.” Parliamentary Papers. 1842, Vol. 17.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. Parliament. “Reports of the Special Assistant of Poor Law Commissioners on the Employment of Women and Children in Agriculture.” Parliamentary Papers. 1843, Vol. 12Google Scholar
United Kingdom. Parliament. “Children's Employment Commission (Trades and Manufactures), Appendix to the Second Report of Commissioners.” Parliamentary Papers. 1843, Vol. 14.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. Parliament. “Report of the Commissioner Appointed to Inquire into the Condition of the Framework Knitters, with Appendices.” Parliamentary Papers. 1845, Vol. 15.Google Scholar
Vickery, Amanda. “Women and the World of Goods: A Lancashire Consumer and her Possessions, 1751–1781.” In Consumption and the World of Goods, edited by Brewer, John and Porter, Roy, 274–301. London: Routledge, 1993.Google Scholar
Wall, Richard. “Leaving Home and the Process of Household Formation in Pre-Industrial England.” Continuity and Change 2, no. 1 (1987): 77–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, E. F. “The Development of the Meat Industry.” In The Making of the Modern British Diet, edited by Oddy, Derek J. and Miller, Derek S., 44–57. London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1974.Google Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G.Did British Capitalism Breed Inequality? London: Allen and Unwin, 1985.Google Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G. “Debating the British Industrial Revolution.” Explorations in Economic History 24, no. 2 (1987): 269–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Charles. The History of Unilever: a Study in Economic Growth and Social Change. Vol. 1. London: Cassell, 1970.Google Scholar
Wilson, G. B.Alcohol and the Nation. London: Nicholson and Watson, 1940.Google Scholar
Wood, G. H. “The Statistics of Wages in the United Kingdom During the Nineteenth Century. XVI. The Cotton Industry. Section II.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (1910): 128–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, G. H. “The Statistics of Wages in the United Kingdom During the Nineteenth Century. XVIII. The Cotton Industry. Section IV.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (1910): 411–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrigley, E. A. and Schofield, R. S.The Population History of England 1541–1871: A Reconstruction. London: Edward Arnold, 1981.Google Scholar