Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T01:29:01.142Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Economic Lag of Central and Eastern Europe: Income Estimates for the Habsburg Successor States, 1870–1910

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

David F. Good
Affiliation:
Professor of History and Director of the Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455.

Abstract

The lack of nineteenth-century national income figures for the small states of present-day Central and Eastern Europe hampers studies of long-term economic development in the region. This article fills the gap by using a proxy approach to estimate GDP per capita on the territories of the Habsburg successor states for the period 1870 to 1910. The results give added support for more optimistic interpretations of the region's performance under Habsburg rule. More importantly, they can be linked to national income figures for later years and used directly in comparisons of international income levels between 1870 and 1987.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abramovitz, Moses, “Catching Up, Forging Ahead, and Falling Behind,” this Journal, 46 (1986), pp. 385406.Google Scholar
Bairoch, Paul, “Europe's Gross National Product: 1800–1975,” Journal of European Economic History, 5 (1976), pp. 273340.Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J., “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (1991), pp. 407–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barro, Robert J. and Sala-I-Martin, Xavier, “Convergence across States and Regions, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (1991), pp. 107–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumol, William J., “Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show,” American Economic Review, 76 (1986), pp. 1072–85.Google Scholar
Beckerman, W. and Bacon, R., “International Comparisons of Income Levels: A Suggested New Measure,” Economic Journal, 76 (1966), pp. 519–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolognese-Leuchtenmüller, Birgit, Bevölkerungsentwicklung und Berufsstruktur, Gesundheits-und Fürsorgewesen in Österreich 1750–1918 (Munich, 1978).Google Scholar
Brusatti, Alois, ed., Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, vol. 1 of Adam Wandruszka and Peter Urbanitsch, eds., Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918 (Vienna, 1973).Google Scholar
Capek, Ales and Sazama, Gerald W., “Czech and Slovak Economic Relations,” Europe-Asia Studies, 45 (1993), pp. 211–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chirot, Daniel, ed., The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Twentieth Century (Berkeley, 1989).Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R., “Gross National Product in Europe 1870–1910: Some New Estimates,” Explorations in Economic History, 20 (1983), pp. 387401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, Paul, “New Light on a Statistical Dark Age: United States Real Product Growth before 1840,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 57(2) (1967), pp. 294306.Google Scholar
Dowrick, Steve and Nguyen, Duc-Tho, “OECD Comparative Growth 1950–85: Catch-Up and Convergence,” American Economic Review, 79 (1989), pp. 1010–30.Google Scholar
Easterlin, Richard, “Regional Income Trends, 1840–1950,” in Fogel, Robert and Engerman, Stanley, eds., The Reinterpretation of American Economic History (New York, 1972), pp. 3849.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Alexander, “National Income and Capital Formation in Hungary,” Income and Wealth, series V, (London, 1955), pp. 152223.Google Scholar
Eddie, Scott, “Economic Policy and Economic Development in Austria-Hungary, 1867–1913,” in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Cambridge, 1989) vol. 8, pp. 816–20.Google Scholar
Esposto, Alfredo, “Institutions and Regional Disparities in the Italian Economy, 1861–1914,” (Ph.D diss., Temple University, 1990).Google Scholar
Federico, Giovanni and Toniolo, Gianni, “Italy,” in Sylla, Richard and Toniolo, Gianni, eds., Patterns of European Industrialization. The Nineteenth Century (London, 1991), pp. 197217.Google Scholar
Fellner, Friedrich, “Das Volkseinkommen Österreichs und Ungarns”, Statistische Monatschrift, 42 (1916), pp. 485625.Google Scholar
Fellner, Friedrich, “Die Verteilung des Volksvermögen und Volkseinkommen der Länder des Ungarischen Heiligen Krone zwischen dem heutigem Ungarn und den Successions-Staaten,” Metron, 3 (1923/1924), pp. 226305.Google Scholar
Gerschenkron, Alexander, An Economic Spurt that Failed (Princeton, NJ., 1977).Google Scholar
Good, David F., “The Great Depression and Austrian Growth after 1873,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 31 (1978), pp. 290–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Good, David F., The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire, 1750–1914 (Berkeley, 1984).Google Scholar
Good, David F., “Austria-Hungary,” in Sylla, Richard and Toniolo, Gianni, eds., Patterns of European Industrialization. The Nineteenth Century (London, 1991), pp. 218–47.Google Scholar
Good, David F., “Estimating Pre-1914 Incomes in the Post-1919 Successor States of the Habsburg Empire: Supplementary Notes and Tables,” (Unpublished manuscript, 1993).Google Scholar
Good, David F., “Ökonomische Ungleichheit in der Vielvölkerstaat,” in Nautz, Jürgen, ed., Die Wiener Jahrhundertwende (Böhlau, 1993), pp. 720–46.Google Scholar
Good, David F., “The Economic Lag of Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence from the Late Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Empire,” Working Papers in Austrian Studies, 93–7, Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota, 12, 1993.Google Scholar
Gross, Nachum, “Industrialization in the Nineteenth Century,” (Ph.D diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1966).Google Scholar
Hanisch, Ernst, Der kranke Mann an der Donau. Marx und Engels über Österreich (Vienna,. 1978).Google Scholar
Hanson, John R. II, “Export Shares in the European Periphery and the Third World before World War I: Questionable Data, Facile Analogies,” Explorations in Economic History, 23 (1986), pp. 8599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, John R. II, “Third World Incomes before World War I: Further Evidence,” Explorations in Economic History, 28 (1991), pp. 367–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaszi, Oscar, The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy (Chicago, 1961).Google Scholar
Katus, László, “Economic Growth in Hungary During the Age of Dualism 1867–1913: A Quantitative Analysis,” in Pamlenyi, E., ed., Social and Economic Researches on the History of East-Central Europe (Budapest, 1970).Google Scholar
Kausel, Anton, “Österreichs Volkseinkommen 1830 bis 1913,” in Geschichte und Ergebnisse der zentralen amtlichen Statistik in Österreich 1829–1979 (Vienna, 1979).Google Scholar
Kausel, Anton et al. , “Österreichs Volkseinkommen 1913–1963,” Monatsberichte des österreichischen Institutes für Wirtschaftsforschung, 14 Sonderheft (1963).Google Scholar
Komlos, John, The Habsburg Monarchy as a Customs Union: Economic Development in Austria-Hungary in the Nineteenth-Century (Princeton, 1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kravis, Irving, “The Three Faces of the International Comparison Project,” Research Observer, 1 (1986), pp. 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kravis, Irving, Heston, Allan, and Summers, Robert, “Real GNP Per Capita for More than One Hundred Countries,” Economic Journal, 88 (1978), pp. 215–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuznets, Simon, Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure and Spread (New Haven, Conn., 1966).Google Scholar
Kuznets, Simon, ed., Income and Wealth, series V. (London, 1955).Google Scholar
Lampe, John, “Imperial Borderlands or Capitalist Periphery? Redefining Balkan Backwardness, 1520–1914,” in Chirot, Daniel, ed., The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages Until the Twentieth Century (Berkeley, 1989), pp. 177209.Google Scholar
Lampe, John and Jackson, Marvin, Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations (Bloomington, Ind., 1982).Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus, Phases of Capitalist Development (New York, 1982).Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus, The World Economy in the 20th Century (Paris, 1989).Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus, “Measuring European Growth: The Core and the Periphery,” in Aerts, Erik and Valério, Nuno, eds., Growth and Stagnation in the Mediterranean World in the 19th and 20th Centuries (Leuven, 1990).Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus, Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development (London and New York, 1991).Google Scholar
Magyar statisztikai evkönyv (Budapest, 1872–1891), vols. 1–19. [cited as MSE].Google Scholar
McGranahan, D., Tizarro, E., and Richard, C., Measurement and Analysis of Socio-Economic Development (Geneva, 1985).Google Scholar
Miljković, Dušan, “The Economic Development Level of the Former (SFR) Yugoslavia Compared to the Countries of Europe, 1985–1991,” Yugoslav Survey (1992), pp. 107–27.Google Scholar
Mitchell, B.R., European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970 (New York, 1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Geographic Atlas of the World (Washington, D. C, 1975).Google Scholar
Österreichische Statistik (Vienna, 18821917) 193; N.F. 1–15. [cited as (ÖS)].Google Scholar
Österreichisches Statistisches Handbuch für in die im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder (Vienna, 18821916/1917) [cited as ÖSH].Google Scholar
Palairet, Michael, “The Habsburg Industrial Achievement in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1878–1914: An Economic Spurt That Succeeded?Austrian History Yearbook, 24 (1993), pp. 133–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pryor, Frederic L., Pryor, Zora P., Stadnik, Miloˇs, and Staller, George R., “Czechoslovak Aggregate Production in the Interwar Period,” The Review of Income and Wealth, 17 (1971), pp. 3559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudolph, Richard, Banking and Industrialization in Austria-Hungary (Cambridge, 1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandgruber, Roman, Österreichische Agrarstatistik 1750–1918 (Munich, 1978).Google Scholar
Statistisches Jahrbuch der österreichischen Monarchie (Vienna, 18631881) [cited as SJÖM].Google Scholar
Summers, Robert, and Heston, Alan, “A New Set of International Comparisons of Real Product and Price Levels: Estimates for 130 Countries, 1950–1985,” The Review of Income and Wealth, 34 (1988), pp. 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungarische Statistische Mitteilungen, Budapest, 18721910 [cited as USM].Google Scholar
Ungarisches Statistisches Jahrbuch (Budapest, 18931913) N.F. 118 [cited as USJ].Google Scholar
Vinski, Ivo, “National Product and Fixed Assets in the Territory of Yugoslavia, 1909–59,” Income and Wealth, series IX (1961), pp. 206–33.Google Scholar
Waizner, Ernst, “Das Volkseinkommen Alt-Österreichs und seine Verteilung auf die Nachfolgestaaten,” Metron, 7 (1927/1928), pp. 97183.Google Scholar